不同施肥模式下春玉米养分吸收利用和土壤养分平衡研究

Nutrient Utilization and Soil Nutrient Balance of Spring Maize under Different Fertilizer Application Modes

通过三年定位试验,研究了吉林省春玉米主产区(公主岭和乾安)农民习惯与优化施肥模式对玉米产量、养分吸收利用、土壤养分变化及收支平衡的影响。结果表明,公主岭和乾安优化施肥玉米产量较农民习惯施肥分别增产6.8%~9.2%和6.3%~12.9%,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。与农民习惯施肥相比,公主岭和乾安优化施肥肥料吸收利用率分别提高46.9%和26.4%、农学利用率分别提高45.9%和32.6%、偏生产力分别提高35.2%和22.5%,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。优化施肥30~90 cm土壤无机氮含量和0~40 cm土壤有效磷含量均低于农民习惯施肥,0~40 cm土壤速效钾含量高于农民习惯施肥。与试验起始时相比,农民习惯施肥30~90 cm土壤无机氮含量与0~40 cm土壤有效磷含量均有明显提高,0~30 cm土壤无机氮含量和0~40 cm土壤速效钾含量下降。而优化施肥处理0~90 cm土壤无机氮含量,0~40 cm土壤有效磷含量和速效钾含量变化幅度较小。玉米收获期土壤氮、磷、钾养分表观平衡估算结果表明,优化施肥和农民习惯施肥土壤氮、磷素均出现盈余,钾素亏缺。与农民习惯施肥相比,公主岭和乾安优化施肥处理氮盈余量分别下降86.3%和93.3%,磷盈余量分别下降98.1%和92.1%,钾亏缺量分别下降16.5%和34.0%。综上所述,农民习惯施肥模式使土壤氮素和磷素大量残留,钾素亏缺,而优化施肥模式在提高产量和肥料利用率的同时,降低了氮、磷的损失和钾的亏缺。

A located experiment was conducted to study the effects of farmer fertilization practice （FP） and optimized fertilization （OPT） modes on maize yield, nutrient utilization, soil nutrient change and nutrient balance in the major spring maize producing region of Jilin Province （Gongzhuling City and Qian＇an County） for three years. The results indicated that the maize yield by using the OPT modes significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） by 6.8%-9.2% and 6.3% -12.9%, respectively, than that by using the FP mode in Gongzhuling City and Qian＇an County. Compared with FP mode, OPT mode increased fertilizer recovery efficiency agronomic efficiency and partial fertilizer productivity, respectively, by 46.9%, 45.9%, and 35.2% in Gongzhuling City and by 26.4%, 32.6%, and 22.5% （P 〈 0.05） in Qian＇an County. OPT mode reduced the contents of mineral nitrogen （Nmin） at 30-90 cm soil depth, available P at 0-40 cm soil depth and increased the contents of available potassium （K） at 0-40 cm soil depth compared with FP mode. Compared with the initial levels, the contents of NInin at 30-90 cm soil depth and available phosphorus （P） at 0-40 cm soil depth increased significantly, and the contents of Nmin at 0-30 cm soil depth and available K at 0-40 cm soil depth declined in FP mode. While the contents of Nmin at 0-90 cm soil depth and available P and K at 0-40 cm soil depth had fewer changes in OPT mode. The nutrient apparent balance in soil indicated that soil N and P was surplus, and soil K was deficient in FP and OPT modes at the harvest stages of maize. Compared with FP mode, N, P and K surplus decreased by 86.3% and 93.3%, 98.1% and 92.1%, 16.5% and 34.0% in Gongzhuling City and Qian＇ an County, respectively, in OPT mode. In summary, FP mode made the large amount of soil residual N and P and deficiency of soil K. While OPT mode not only increased yield and nutrient utilization efficiency, but also reduced N, P and K loss.