3～6岁幼儿跑步动作发展特征及教学策略分析

The Analysis on the Characteristics of Running Motor Development and Teaching Strategy for 3 to 6 Years Old Children

目的:采用定性与定量相结合的方法分析3~6岁幼儿跑步动作,探讨3~6岁幼儿跑步动作发展特征,并分析跑步动作教学策略。方法:选取北京市某幼儿园3~6岁幼儿124名。采用三维摄像技术拍摄幼儿的跑步动作,基于动作发展序列理论定性评价幼儿跑步动作;同时,通过视频解析获得跑步的运动学参数,采用方差分析比较不同跑步发展水平幼儿之间的运动学参数差异。结果:1)3~6岁幼儿跑的发展水平存在3个阶段,即初级、中级以及高级阶段,其中,5~6岁幼儿多处于高级阶段,且女生多于男生;2)对于支撑腿膝角与步幅/下肢长,处于高级阶段的幼儿显著高于处于初级与中级阶段的幼儿(P<0.05);3)对于摆动腿膝角,初级与中级阶段幼儿显著高于高级阶段幼儿(P<0.05);4)对于肘角,中级阶段幼儿显著高于低级与高级阶段幼儿(P<0.05)。结论:幼儿跑步动作发展特征为,随着跑步动作发展逐渐成熟,步幅逐渐增大,蹬离地面时刻的支撑腿膝角趋于完全伸展状态,摆动腿膝角趋于减小。建议:开展幼儿跑步动作的课程时,对于3~4岁幼儿,应着重锻炼其下肢的肌肉力量与身体的平衡能力;针对4~5岁幼儿应更多地从脚前掌着地与蹬地等内容进行指导;对于5~6岁幼儿,则主要从全身协调等方面进行指导。建议通过改变运动方向、身体重心的变化以及走跑交替等方面来丰富活动内容,在中、小班的课程实施中要注意情景化引导,发展大班幼儿跑步动作时,可以选择绳梯等器材,通过延伸或演变其用途增加幼儿的运动兴趣。

Object：This research analyzed 3-6 years old children running by qualitative and quantitative methods,and discussed 3-6 years old children running motor development characteristics,and analyzed the running teaching strategy,to provide scientific and reasonable reference for children＇s sports teaching plan. Method：124 children aged 3-6 were selected as the study objects from a kidgarden in Beijing. The running of children was taped by 3D camera and the kinematics parameters of running were obtained by video analytical method. Early childhood＇s running was evaluated based on the action theory of development sequence. ANOVA was used to analyze the differences of kinematic parameters among development stages. Results：There are primary,intermediate and advanced levels in the development of 3-6 years old children＇s running,with most of 5-6 years old children in the advanced stage,and more girls than boys. For supporting leg knee Angle and the ratio of the stride to the length of lower limb,young children in the dvanced stage is significantly higher than in the elementary and intermediate stage infants（P 0.05）. For swinging leg knee Angle,children in elementary and intermediate stages is significantly higher than the advanced stage（P0.05）. For elbow Angle,the intermediate stage is significantly higher than junior and senior stage（P0.05）. Conclusion：The characteristics of children＇s running motor development as follows：the development of running gradually matured,and stride length gradually increased,and supporting leg knee Angle off the ground tended to be fully extended,and swinging leg knee angle decreasesed. Suggestion：In the course of children＇s running,It is important to strengthen the force of muscle and equilibrium for 3-4 years old children. The 4-5 years old children should be taught to touchdown and leave off the ground by the forepart of feet. The 5-6 years old children should be exercised to improve the arms and legs coordination.It is suggested to enrich the content of activity by changing the direction of movement, the change of the center of gravity, and the aiternation of walk and running. In the implementation of the curriculum in middle and small classes, We should pay attention to situational guidance. In addition,for the development of older children＇s running,we can choose the equipment such as rope ladder,by extending or evolving its purpose to increase children＇s interest in sport.