利他型人寿保险中投保人与受益人的对价关系

The Consideration Relationship Between the Policyholder and the Beneficiary in Altruistic Life Insurance

我国的保险法理论与实务往往误读人寿保险金不属于被保险人遗产之法律规定,认为其专属于受益人,其他任何人均无权介入该保险金的处理。然而,在投保人与受益人非为同一人的利他型人寿保险契约中,受益人的保险金请求权虽然为其直接取得的权利,但该直接取得性并不能否定受益人与投保人之间的具体法律关系。依照民法利他型契约理论,一方面,受益人得直接向保险人请求保险金给付的权利源自保险契约,即投保人与保险人之间的补偿关系;另一方面,受益人能否最终取得保险金,还取决于投保人与受益人之间的对价关系是否存在。该对价关系与补偿关系相互独立,其法律性质为投保人对受益人的单方赠与行为。投保人及其财产关系人之间的利害关系调整应以该单方赠与行为为标准进行。投保人的债权人可依据民法有关债权人撤销权的规定撤销该赠与;受益人为共同继承人时,其他继承人可依照继承法的规定对保险金主张一定的权利。

In Chinese theory and practice of insurance law, the insurance compensation belongs ex- clusively to the beneficiary. Where the policyholder and the beneficiary are not the same person in al- truistic life insurance contract, the beneficiary＇ s direct fight to claim insurance compensation does not negate the specific legal relationship between the beneficiary and the policyholder. On the one hand, the beneficiary has the right to claim insurance compensation directly from the insurer accord- ing to insurance contract; on the other hand, whether the beneficiary can finally obtain insurance compensation will depend on the existence of the relationship between the policyholder and the benefi- ciary. Such consideration relationship is distinct from the compensation relationship, whose legal na- ture is a unilateral gift given by the policyholder to the beneficiary. The interest relationship between the policyholder and his property interested parties should be adjusted according to the standard of unilateral gift conduct. The creditor of the insured may revoke the gift in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Civil Law. When the beneficiary is a co-heir, other heirs may claim certain rights of insurance compensation in accordance with the Inheritance Law.