在国家叙事与地方叙事之间——英国北约克郡乡村博物馆实践

Between National Narratives and Local Narratives: The Practice of Rural Museums in North Yorkshire, UK

作为工业化程度较低的非都市郡,英国北约克郡保存着完好的乡村景观和历史建筑。自19世纪,英国便出现乡村生活的博物馆化,在保护乡村景观的同时也致力于收藏、保存乡村记忆。北约克郡乡村博物馆的产生和发展植根于英国社会和文化情境。乡村博物馆实践不仅是国家价值的体现,也是调节社会结构和社会关系的重要机制。在国家话语体系内界定"乡村"的同时,也承担起塑造地方感和地方认同。反观我国乡村博物馆,其实践以20世纪90年代的生态博物馆建设为肇始,秉承对村落景观进行整体性保护的理念。然而,在具体建设中仍然面临激发村落居民文化自觉性,建立有效的运营、管理机制的挑战。

Rural landscapes and historical buildings are well preserved in North Yorkshire, UK, a country shire with low degree of industrialization. The musealisation of rural life emerged in the 19th century in Britain with museums being established seeking to collect and preserve rural memories. The emergence and development of rural museums in North Yorkshire had deep roots in British social and cultural contexts. The practice of rural museums is not only a reflection of national value, but also an important mechanism to adjust social structure and social relationships. It defines the concept of ＂rural＂ in the national discourse and helps shape the sense of locality and local identity. In case of China, the practice of rural museums dates back to the ecomuseum construction in the 1990s, in which integrated conservation was adopted as a primary idea for rural landscape preservation. The practice, however, is faced with challenges of arousing local residents＇ cultural awareness and establishing effective mechanism of operation and management.