“体验”的内涵与旅游体验属性新探

An Exploration of Experience Connotations and Tourist Experience Characteristics

在旅游体验基础理论研究中,对作为中间层次的体验特征的研究还比较薄弱,使得体验内涵的相对统一性和体验类型的多样化之间常难以有效协调。文章首先从体验与经验相区别的角度,对体验的概念进行词源学和语义学辨析,继而借鉴狄尔泰、梅洛-庞蒂和杜威有关体验的代表性观点,进一步厘清体验的学术内涵,最后结合具体的旅游行为和相关研究成果,提出旅游体验具有具身性、情境性、流动性和生成性的特征。在此基础上,对未来研究进行展望,提出旅游体验研究要回归旅游者这一主体,加强对自然场景下游客的实时体验的研究,在非表征理论范式下关注游客的具身感知、情感和行为,并注意感官民族志等方法的应用。

Tourist experience theories can basically be divided into three levels： the nature of tourist experiences; their properties and characteristics; and types and methods of processing. At the intermediate level, tourist experience characteristics are important, but studies in this field are still relatively few, which causes tension between the two other levels. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to explore tourist experience characteristics. To determine the meaning of ＂experience,＂ this paper first distinguishes between the concepts of ＂Ti-yan＂ （erlebnis） and ＂Jing-yan＂ （erfahrung） from the perspective of etymology and semantics： 1. Ti-yan is in the first person, which emphasizes the presence of the subject; however, Jing-yan is not always in the first person. 2. Ti-yan is perceptual, while Jing-yan is rational. 3. Ti-yan can be used as a verb or noun, while Jing-yan is more often used as a noun. Secondly, the authors clarify the academic connotations of experience by drawing lessons from thoughts about experience expressed by philosophers such as Voltaire, Merleau-Ponty, and Dewey. In their opinion, experience is always linked with lived life, livelihood, and being, and cannot be separated from the thoughts and actions of human beings. Experience is holistic, liquid, and systematic, which involves spatiotemporal dimensions. That is, instead of dualism of self and the world, subject and object, existence and consciousness, in-itself and for-itself, experience is a holistic unit combining subject and object, body and mind, knowing and doing. Finally, in combination with real tourist behaviors and the related literature, this paper concludes that embodiment, situatedness, fluidity, and becoming are the main characteristics of tourist experiences. A. Embodiment in tourist experiences refers to three sensations： proprioception, kinesthesia, and multisensory. Similarly, tourists＇ emotions and cognition are embodied. B. Situatedness in tourist experiences is a process accompanying a series of possibilities that take place in people＇ s bodies and minds; thus, the outcome depends on how consumers respond to the various and specific situations. C. Fluidity in tourist experiences is not a mechanical reflection of the object world, but expresses diverse systematic and variational characteristics. Self and environment, stimulus and response, and the past, present, and future are mixed together in the process of tourist experience. D. Becoming in tourist experiences reflects that instead of being passive consumers of products, tourists are also producers who cocreate their experiences with industry operators, destinations, and local residents. Consequently, tourist experience is an active process in which tourists and the tourism industry define each other and emerge simultaneously. Thus, research prospects for tourist experience studies are proposed, such as aspects of future research focuses, research paradigms and methods that suggest researchers should focus more on real-time and on-time tourist experiences, and tourists＇ embodied sensations, emotions, and behaviors using nonrepresentational theory paradigm and sensory ethnography.