朱熹论“人心”与“道心”——从心的主体化与主宰性到道德心的实践

Zhu Xi on “Human Mind” and “Mind of the Dao” ——From the Self-nature and Self-will to Self-cultivation of the Moral Mind

在人之为人的心、性、情、意的本体序列中,我们可以就朱子的理路而将此一本体序列动态的整合与深化。由此我们可以认识到,相较于同乎理的性,心更合乎理气相即而不相分的天地太极本体,更具有原始的创化力,因而更具有朱子所说的主宰性。由此,我们可以更彻底地理解"心统性情"之说。基于这种认识,才能判断何为"道心"与何为"人心"。又如何能克服"人心"的三层问题,以达致"道心",而这又如何与心的主宰力相关联。通过以上的整合与梳理,我们看出朱子讨论心性问题的得失以及心性本体的真实何在。

Given the functions of human nature,feelings,mind and will,we can follow Zhu Xi in integrating these functions of a human being into a holistic unity. Relative to human nature as identified as the ontological principle,mind or heart-mind shows itself to embody and exhibit the ultimate reality of heaven and earth which realizes the dynamic of li and qi. In other words,mind in this sense has its original creative power,and thus has the power of independent will. On this basis,we can understand more clearly what is meant by Zhu Xi＇s assertion that ＂mind unifies and commands nature and feelings＂. We are then also capable of distinguishing the mind of the dao from heart-mind of human beings. But how to overcome three kinds of problems for the heart-mind of a human being so that we can reach the mind of the dao becomes the essential challenge of a human being and has to do with the self-cultivation by will-power of a human being. In this manner we come to see the crucial issues of the ultimate reality of human nature and human mind in Zhu Xi＇s philosophy.