从“形神之辩”到“性气之归”——中国哲学的特征及其内在张力

From “Xing Shen Zhi Bian” to “Xing Qi Zhi Gui” ——The Characteristics and the Internal Tension of Chinese Philosophy

中国文化是一种典型的主体性文化,其张力则往往要通过不同的视角及其分歧表现出来。先秦的儒道互绌,曾使孟、庄两位表现出不同的超越指向,但秦汉以降,贯通两汉的宇宙生化论则成为其一味走向内在的表现;佛教的传入虽然带来了中印文化的冲突,两晋南北朝的"形神之辩"也就成为其张力的具体表现,但范缜以"形"释"神"复又收"神"以归"形",毕竟标志着其内在张力的消解。唐宋以降,在"三教"并行的背景下固然形成了一种融合趋势,而其张力则又表现在理学的双重人性之间,但明清气学的一元论追求与内在化走向,却再次将这一张力内在化,从而也就成为超越追求的再次消解……这种内在张力的不足,就使中国文化始终在超越与内在两极之间摆动,同时也是社会思潮中理想与现实、精英与大众双向纠结的文化根源。在中西文化交汇的今天,反思中国文化内部儒道互绌、儒佛融合以及理学双重人性的归向,因而如何拓展中国文化的内在张力以增强其对异质文化的吸收与消化能力,则无疑应当成为当今文化建设的一个重大任务。

Chinese culture is a representative,subjective culture,of which the tension requires different perspectives and divergences to manifest. The mutual criticism between Confucianism and Taoism in the Pre-Qin period,brought the different transcending directions between Mencius and Zhuang Zi. However,since the Qin and Han Dynasties,the cosmology of emergence and evolution in the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties became the manifestation of the inward directions of Chinese culture. Although the introduction of Buddhism brought the conflictions between Ancient China and India,and the ＂Xing Shen Zhi Bian＂in the Two Jins and Northern and Southern Dynasties became the manifestation of the tension of Chinese culture,whereas Fan Zhen used ＂Xing（ shape） ＂to release ＂Shen（ spirit） ＂,and retrieved ＂Shen＂back to ＂Xing＂,indicating the counteraction of the internal tension. Though there was a fusion trend among Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism,and the tension was reflected through the dual humanity in Neo-Confucianism since the Tang and Song Dynasties,the pursuit for monism and the inward direction of Qi Theory in the Ming and Qing Dynasties internalized the tension again,which thereby become the re-counteraction of transcending pursuit. The insufficiency of internal tension,caused Chinese culture to vacillate between transcendence and internalization and became the cultural root of the bi-directional entanglement between ideality versus reality and elites versus the masses in social ideological trends. Today,Chinese and Western cultural exchanges,rethinking about the return of the mutual criticism between Confucianism and Taoism,Confucianism-Buddhism fusion and the dual humanity in Neo-Confucianism,as well as the way of developing the internal tension of Chinese culture to enhance the absorption and digestion of heterogeneous culture,should be an important mission for cultural construction.