“脆弱”的君权——春秋战国君主退位研究

“Weak” Monarchical Power:Monarchy abdication in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period

春秋战国之际,各国君主普遍呈现君位不稳、异常退位率高的特点,君权稳定性与政治结构以及权力集中程度之间的关系凸显出来。当时是我国历史上的大变革时期,随着生产力的发展,以血缘为纽带的分封制解体、以非血缘为特征的郡县制建立,在此过程中,君主权力受到极大挑战,出现结构性失权和功能性失权。在诸侯争霸过程中,原有的多元利益共存的空间政治格局向单一的定于一尊的平面政治格局转变。战国时郡县制、官僚制逐渐建立,虽然君主控制力出现暂时性增强,但是由集权而带来的权力悖论(权力越集中越脆弱)却是君权无法摆脱的困境。

During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period,monarchy in all states were characterized with unsteadiness,and abnormal abdication occurred often;in fact,the relationship among monarchical stability,political structure and the degree of power concentration became apparent.It was a time of great change in the Chinese history;and along the development of productivity,the system of enfeoffment with blood tie broke up,and the system of prefectures and counties on non-genetic connection was established.During this process,the power of monarchs received great challenges,and there appeared structural and functional depowering phenomena.In fact,supremacy pursuit among princes made the political space with previous multiple interests transform to unitary political structure.In the Warring period,the system of prefecture and county and bureaucracy were set up.Then the monarchical power witnessed a temporary enforcement,but the power dilemma brought about by power concentration was inescapable with which the monarchical system was inevitably confronted.