从《金刚经》梵汉对勘看玄奘的翻译语法观念

Xuan Zang's perception of grammar in the translation of the Vajracchedikā Sūtra

本文在梵汉语言对比的基础上,讨论玄奘在从梵语到汉语的翻译过程中所体现的译者语法意识和语法观念。从梵汉对勘可知,玄奘在翻译梵语多义词时,严格区分实词与虚词,虚词多采用音译的方法。玄奘严格区分时体范畴与情态范畴。"当"不仅有情态用法,而且可充当将来时标记;"应"仅有情态用法。从梵语呼格语法范畴与玄奘汉译本句子成分的对应关系可推知玄奘对汉语句子成分语法、语义功能的认识。以翻译和语言学研究为目的的梵汉对勘、同经异译比较是玄奘翻译研究的重要方法。

Comparing the Sanskrit and Chinese texts of Vajracchedikā Sūtra, we can inquiry into the grammatical conception of Xuan Zang. When translating polysemous words, he tended to strictly distinguish notional words from function words, and most function words were transliterations. He also drew a clear demarcation between aspect and modality. Dang(当) is not only used to express modality, but also a future tense marker. Ying(应) is merely a modal marker. From his translation of Sanskrit vocative, we can infer how Xuan Zang conceived the grammar of Chinese sentence constituents and their semantic functions.