试论明代乡、会试中的贴卷

A Discussion on Papering-Sticking of the Provincial and the Metropolitan Examination in Ming Dynasty

明代乡、会试中的贴卷,是指将违反科场作文规定或作弊的考生试卷,贴于贡院墙外或至公堂不再录用。贴出原因具体有考生越舍互录、未能及时誊真,文章字数不符规定、出现避讳之字、命题错落、违反各种作文格式及被发现关节作弊等等。贴卷之法具备减轻考官阅卷负担和提高科场公正性等积极影响的同时,也带来贤才被抑和不利收士子之心等消极影响。

The papering - Sticking of the provincial and the metropolitan examination in Ming dynasty, was to find examinees who violated examination fraud writing regulations or cheat, then stick his examination paper on Outside the wall of Gongyuan or best fair Church and no longer hired. The reasons of papering - Sticking included examinee plagiarized from others by transit the shed, could not hand - copied the true examination paper timely, article number of words did not meets the regulations, appeared the taboo words, had a wrong or incomplete exam questions, violated various writing format or bribery. The papering - Sticking brought some positive influences like mitigating Examiner＇ s burden and enhancing impartiality of examination fraud, at the same time, also some negative influences like inhibiing talented people and fighting against the hearts of scholars.