户籍歧视、人力资本差异与中国城镇收入不平等——基于劳动力市场分割的视角

Discrimination Related to Household Registration,Human Capital and Income Inequality in Urban China:Based on the Theory of Labor Market Segmentation

基于经典劳动力市场分割理论,并结合中国市场化转型以及户籍制度的现实背景,本文从工作机会差异和职业内部收入差距的双重视角,重新审视了农民工在城镇劳动力市场中遭遇的收入不平等问题。通过分析"2012年中国劳动力动态调查数据",本研究发现:(1)在当前中国城镇地区,存在着一个以职位或工作"好"和"坏"为特征的"首要—次要"劳动力市场结构;(2)该劳动力市场中的户籍分割现象主要表现为两条形成路径:首先,户籍制度通过直接构筑部门准入限制以及间接影响城乡教育资源分配,导致农民工在谋求进入首要劳动力市场的过程中出现竞争力不足的状况;其次,即使和城镇工人处于同一市场结构并拥有相同的职业,身份上的歧视和教育学历低等因素仍会使农民工的工资水平处于相对弱势地位。因此,在政策意涵上,关键在于扭转城乡教育机会严重失衡的状况,着力提升农村人口的人力资本存量。同时,消除户籍制度对农民工的职业准入障碍,完善城镇劳动力市场的收入分配模式。

Based on the classic labor market segmentation theory,the background of China's marketoriented transformation,and the household registration institution,this paper studies the problem of income inequality that migrant workers encounter in China's urban labor market. On the analysis of the data from 2012 China Labor-Force Dynamics Survey,we presented the findings: first,characterized by"good"or"bad"jobs,there exist a primary job market and secondary one in urban China; secondly,the segmentation of labor market based on household registration appears in two forms,both of which are presented as human capital due to the disadvantage of education of the migrant workers. In this way,the key point to improve the economic status of the migrant workers is to enrich their human capital stock through adjusting the imbalanced educational resources between the urban and the rural societies.Meanwhile,it is also necessary to eliminate the migrant workers' access barriers based on the household registration system,promote the equality of job opportunities,and narrow the income gap in urban labor market.