助动词“好”的语法化过程

A Study on the Grammaticalization of Modal Auxiliary Verb “hao”

"S+好+V"结构中表"容易"义的"好"是一类被忽视的情态助动词,本文认为其来源是上古汉语中"喜爱"义动词"好"(hào),而不是形容词"好"(hǎo)。最初主语S为施事,动词"好"带谓词性宾语以连动结构的形式出现,可看作自然的无标记状态。魏晋南北朝时期,充当S的成分由施事扩展到时间、工具、处所等非施事,无标化推力下"好"发生第一次语法化,"好+V"的深层结构由"V+O"重新分析为"AV+V",语义上"好"的"喜爱"义在隐喻机制作用下演变为"适合"义。唐代,充当S的成分进一步扩展到受事,再次成为相对的有标记状态,无标化推力再次作用导致"好"发生第二次语法化;"好+V"的深层结构仍为"AV+V",但语义上"好"的"适合"义在语用推理促成的转喻机制作用下演变为"容易"义。唐代以后,"好"的"喜爱"义动词和"适合、容易"义助动词的用法并存且发展至今。

The paper consider that the ＂hao＂ under the structure of ＂S＋hao＋V＂ which is always neglected is one type of modal auxiliary verbs. It is originated from the verb ＂hao＂ which means ＂like＂ instead of the adjective ＂hao＂. Originally, the agent ＂S＂ and ＂hao＂ with predicative objective is showed under the structure of＂V＋O＂ represented the most natural demarking state. In the Wei, Jin and North-South, the role of＂S＂ extended from agent to non-agent, such as time, tool, location, and then the demarking mechanism triggered the first time grammaticalization, so the deep structure of ＂hao＋V＂ was re-analyzed from the one of ＂V＋O＂ to ＂AV＋V＂, and the meaning of ＂like＂ driven by metaphor mechanism semantically evolved to ＂suitable＂. In Tang, the role of＂S＂ furthermore extended to patient and then demarking mechanism triggered the second time grammaticalization. Therefore, though the deep structure of＂hao＋V＂ was ＂AV＋V＂, the meaning of ＂suitable＂ driven by metonymic mechanism semantically evolved to ＂easily＂. After Tang, the verb ＂hao＂ of＂like＂, and modal auxiliary verb of＂suitable＂ and ＂easily＂ co-exist until now.