缺乏中毒病史的抗凝血杀鼠剂中毒的临床特点及处理

Clinical characteristics and treatments of anti-coagulant rodenticide poisoning in children lacking of poisoning history

目的 总结50例无误服抗凝血杀鼠剂中毒患儿临床特点、诊断及治疗方法.方法回顾性分析2011年2月至2015年12月我院收治50例缺乏误服抗凝血杀鼠剂病史,以出血表现入院,最终确诊为杀鼠剂中毒患儿的临床表现、凝血功能障碍的特点、血毒物筛查结果,以及治疗经过.结果50例患儿均来自于农村,否认误服杀鼠剂史,起病到入院时间为1~120 d,平均11.66 d.主要临床表现：皮肤瘀斑34例（68%）,鼻衄26例（52%）,牙龈出血10例（20%）、注射部位血肿4例（8%）,PT 20~ 〉200 s,APTT 31~ 〉200 s（最大检出值）;血标本分别检测出溴鼠灵、溴敌隆、敌鼠钠3种杀鼠剂之一或溴鼠灵与溴敌隆两种杀鼠剂,浓度5~3270 μg/L,均确诊为杀鼠剂中毒.予特效拮抗剂维生素K1静脉滴注,重症患儿加用冰冻血浆,所有患儿用药24 h内出血控制,治疗3~7 d后PT、APTT接近正常值,维生素K1针累积使用30~70 mg,出院后继续维生素K1维持治疗至少3个月,全部患儿病情稳定.结论 常用杀鼠剂具有脂溶性,易蓄积,中毒潜伏期长,治疗期长.儿童既往无出血表现,临床表现急性起病出血倾向,PT、APTT同时延长,需考虑杀鼠剂中毒的可能,尽快进行血或尿标本毒物筛查,使用特效解毒剂维生素K1拮抗治疗至凝血功能稳定于正常范围,避免病情反复.

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics,diagnosis and treatments of 50 chil-dren with no history of anti-coagulation rodenticide poisoning.Methods Fifty children lacking of poisoning history were admitted to our hospital from Feb 2011 to Dec 2015,who were due to hemorrhage and finally di-agnosed as rodenticide poisoning.The clinical manifestation,characteristics of blood coagulation dysfunction, toxicology screening results and treatments of 50 cases were retrospectively analyzed.Results All 50 cases were from rural area,and denied the history of taking rodenticide by mistake.The time from the onset to ad-mission to the hospital was from 1 d to 120 d,with an average of 11.66 d.Major clinical manifestations in-cluded：34 cases（68%）of skin ecchymosis,26 cases（52%）of epistaxis,10 cases（20%）of bleeding gums and 4 cases（8%）of hematoma at the injection site,with PT 20 to over 200 s and APTT 31 to over 200 s （maximal detection value）.The children were diagnosed as rodenticide poisoning when one of brodifacoum, bromadiolone,and diphacinone-sodium or combination of brodifacoum and bromadiolone were detected from their blood specimens,with an concentration of 5 to 3 270 μg/L.The diagnosed children were intravenous dripped with specific antagonist vitamin K1 and the critically ill children were added fresh frozen plasma.All children recovered from hemorrhage within 24 hours after treatment.The level of PT,APTT was close to nor-mal after 3 to 7 days of treatment,and the using of vitamin K1 was accumulated about 30 to 70 mg.The chil-dren were given maintenance treatment of vitamin K1 for three months after discharge until the condition was stable.Conclusion Commonly used rodenticide has the characteristics of fat soluble, easy to accumulate, long incubation period,and long treatment period and so on.Children with no bleeding performance have the clinical tendency of acute bleeding,prolonged PT and APTT should be considered the possibility of rodenti-cide poisoning.Blood or urine samples should be screened for toxicology as soon as possible,and meanwhile children should be given antagonist treatment with special antidote vitamin K1 until the coagulation function is stable in normal range to avoid recurrence of the illness.