五四学群运动有关各方的不同应对——以《申报》、《国民日报》为中心的考察

Different Responses of All Parties in the May 4th Student Group Movement——A Survey Centered on "Shen Bao" and "National Daily"

"精英华语体系"和"革命范式"观点认为五四运动是由精英领袖发起的一幅爱国民众合力抗议政府外交失败的图景。通过翻捡当时《申报》、《国民日报》等大量珍贵史料,笔者认为,五四运动是爱国学群为维护中华民族的根本利益,自发组织的采取以"非暴力手段"为主要手段的爱国学群运动。在这场"活剧"中有关各方争先恐后之"镜像"跃然于纸上,其特点是:"学生登台、群众搭台、政府抑台、列强拆台"。五四学群运动并非是失败的,理由是:一方面迫使北京政府延缓签订卖国条约,并给西方列强尤其是日帝在外交上和经济上以威慑;另一方面五四学群运动以"山雨欲来风满楼之势"使学群维权运动的"涓涓细流",汇成中国人民反帝反军阀的巨流。

＂Chinese Elite System＂ and ＂revolutionary paradigm＂ think that the May 4th movement is a protest of patriotic people against the diplomacy failure of government started by elite leaders. From large numbers of precious historical documents such as ＂Shen Bao＂ and ＂national daily＂, the author thinks that the may 4th movement is a movement spontaneously organised by patriotic student groups by nonviolence means to safeguard the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. Relevant parties got actively involved in the ＂living drama＂ where the students stepped on the stage, the masses built the stage, the government compressed the stage, and the foreign powers pulled down the stage. The May 4th movement is not a failure. On the one hand, it forced the government in Beijing to delay signing the treasonable treaty and gave a powerful diplomatic and economic deterrence to Western powers especially Japan. On the other hand, the May 4th movement made trickles of civil right movement of student groups converge into a main anti-imperialist and anti-warlord stream by Chinese people.