论“标准”的表达性使用及其法律调整

On the Expressive Uses of “Standards” and Their Legal Regulations

"标准"是指"衡量事物的准则",对其使用包括功能性和表达性两个层面。前者是指对"标准"内容的利用,如根据法律规定去履行义务或依照技术规范去制造产品;后者是指围绕着"标准"之表达所进行的复制、发行等行为。对于"标准"之表达的可版权性分析应从版权激励的必要性、接触"标准"内容的可能性及表达方式的可选择性等三个维度进行。与普通作品相比,对于表达性使用"标准"之情形,被告的合理使用与默示许可抗辩更容易获得成功,版权人禁令救济请求获得支持的难度也更大。对于"标准"的表达性使用行为可通过反不正当竞争法进行调整,但只能局限于特定范围之内。

＂Standards＂are ＂rules＂measuring things,and uses of them may be made both in functional and expressive dimensions. While the former means using contents of＂standards＂,e. g.,performing duties or manufacturing products according to laws or technological norms respectively,the latter are such acts as duplication and distribution centered on expressions of ＂standards＂. Analyzing copyright-abilities of expressions of ＂standards ＂ should be conducted in such three dimensions as the necessities of copyright incentives, the possibilities of access to contents of＂standards＂and multiple choices of expressive modes. Compared with common works,during making uses of ＂standards＂expressively,such defenses as fair uses and implied licenses that may be put forward should be successful more easily,and injunction remedy claims by copyright owners should be supported more difficultly.The expressive uses of ＂standards＂can be regulated through anti-unfair competition law,but relevant regulations should be limited to some scopes.