心与目之辩——王阳明思想的一个主题

The Debate on Heart and Eye—— A Theme of Wang Yangming's Thought

王阳明尊心贱目,反对放纵目光向外逐物。主张真正的视乃心视而不应当单单以目视,心视发窍于目才有目视。目被心所主导、统摄,心感应天地万物,目亦以"感应"方式与天地万物交接。物我一体而无内外,理乃不可见者,道必体而后见。透过王阳明对心、目关系的思考,我们既可以更好地把握其思维方式,也可以更深入地理解其心学之内涵。王阳明自觉以心抑制目,一方面可以看做是对先秦以来自觉压制视觉思想的呼应,使中国思想彻底远离视觉思想;另一方面,也深化了汉代以来确立的味觉思想,并影响着明代后期的文化思潮,尤其深刻地影响着与视觉关系颇为密切的绘画理论之"心画"走向。

Since Wang Yangming put more emphasis on the heart （心） rather than the eye （ 目 ）, he opposed letting the eye catch external objects without limitations. Instead of merely loo- king with the eye, he proposed that a true vision was seeing through the heart which mean the heart presupposes seeing by the eye and the eye was dominated and controlled by the heart. Both the heart and the eye were connected with the universe by means of ＂sensing＂. Things and self constitutes an organic whole which can not be separated from its inner nor outer. Unlike the in- visible ＂Li＂（理）, ＂Dao＂（道） can be seen only after we experiencing it. Based on Wang Yang- ming＇s insight of the relationship between the heart and the eye, we can master his own mode of thinking in a more effective way as well as understand his philosophy of heart deeply. The contri- bution of Wang Yangming＇s works, especially he restraining the eye and impelling the heart con- sciously, can be regarded as two aspects： on the one hand, Yangming＇ s theory is a correspon- dence to a pre--Qin tradition that philosophers should consciously suppress visual thinking, which makes Chinese thought thoroughly far away from visual thinking. On the other hand, Wang Yangming not only intensifies a gustatory tradition established since Han Dynasty but also exert a profound influence on cultural thoughts in the late Ming Dynasty, particularly a painting theory called ＂Xin Hua＂（心画） which closely related to visual relationships.