清代安徽慈善组织时空特征初探

The Spatial-temporal Characteristics and It's Reasoning of Charity Organizations in Anhui Province in Qing Dynasty

清代安徽慈善组织发展时空特征显著。乾隆后期以后善堂数量大规模增加,嘉道以来数量增加更明显,主要表现在安庆府辖境施棺助葬安置流民类善堂普遍建立。安庆府属各县善堂主要以小社区应对流丐骚扰、胥吏验尸中讹诈居民为主,有少量民众应付杂泛差徭的因素。善堂集中在六安州、芜湖县与安庆府,因为芜湖乃交通枢纽商业发达,怀宁为巡抚所在地,安庆府各县处于交通干道,乃流民乞丐出省必经之地,各县有大批流民到附近各府租种或垦荒,流民外出对地方骚扰不可避免。乾隆后期以来善堂数量高度集中与小社区型善堂应对流民间的密切关系,成为清代安徽慈善组织的显著特征,这与江南小社区善堂"儒生化"特征迥异。

The spatial and temporal characteristics of charity organizations in Anhm krovmce in Qing Dynasty were significant. The number of shantang（charity institutions） had risen mas- sively after late Qian-long region-- period, and even more ever since Jia- Qing region- period and Dao--Guang region--period, which was mainly represented by the widespread establishment of shantang helping bury the dead and resettle the homeless in Anqing Prefecture. Shantang in those counties subordinated to Anqing Prefecture were mostly set up to help communities to deal with beggars harassment and blackmail from petty officials in autopsies, and few of them to pro- vide assistance in all kinds of corvee, shantang in Anhui Province clustered in Luan Prefecture. Wuhu County and Anqing Prefecture, that is because： Wuhu was a trade center and transporta- tion hub, Huaining was the provincial governor seat, and all the counties in Anqing Prefecture were transportation hubs where numerous refugees would inevitable pass through while they fled to other provinces for land renting and reclamation, together with their harassment along the way. The close relationship between the highly concentrated distribution of shantang and its com- munity oriented formation to response to refugees since the late Qian--long region period, mad it an significant characteristic for the charity organizations in Anhui Province in Qing Dynasty, and also distinguished it form the Confucian oriented community shantang in Jiangnan areas.