模糊罪过说之提倡——以污染环境罪为切入点

Advocating the doctrine of fuzzy guilty

重大环境污染事故罪与污染环境罪的罪过形式均存在过失说、故意说以及双重罪过说之争。故意说着眼于排污行为,过失说着力于严重污染环境的结果。为严密刑事法网,提高追诉效率,应认为无论故意排污还是过失泄漏,不管对结果持故意还是过失态度,均成立污染环境罪,即污染环境罪的罪过形式为一种模糊罪过,类似于结果加重犯中的至少过失。法定犯的故意与过失之间的伦理谴责性差异不大,故严格区分故意与过失的传统观点已经不能适应法定犯时代的要求。法定犯中"造成严重后果"、"造成重大损失"之类的规定,是我国"立法定性又定量"的立法模式以及刑罚与行政处罚二元处罚模式的特殊体现,旨在限制刑罚处罚范围。如果无需处罚过失违规的情形,可以认为罪过形式属于结果型模糊罪过,如丢失枪支不报罪、违法发放贷款罪;如果出于重大公共利益的考虑,值得规制过失违规的情形,罪过形式则为行为与结果型模糊罪过,如污染环境罪、滥用职权罪。

The form of sin of serious environmental pollution accident crime and environmental pollution crime are including the views of negligence、intention and double sins. The view of intention focus on the sewage behavior,and negligence stresses the result of serious pollution of the environment. In order to make the network of criminal law strict and improve prosecution efficiency,such a view should be held that whether deliberate sewage or leakage of negligence,regardless of the results of intentional or negligent attitude,both constitute environmental pollution crime,that is,the sin of environmental pollution crime is a fuzzy guilty,similar to＂at least negligence＂of aggregated consequential offense. There is little difference in the ethical condemnation between intentional and negligence of legal offenders,so the traditional distinction between intentional and negligent traditional view can not meet the requirements of era of the legal crimes. ＂Causing serious consequences＂,＂causing significant losses＂and the like in legal crimes,is a special manifestation of the＂legislative qualitative and quantitative＂legislative model and the penalty and administrative punishment dual punishment mode,aimed at limiting the scope of penalties. If there is no need to punish the case of negligence,we can consider that the form of sin is a result-type fuzzy guilty,such as the crime of not report the loss of guns and illegal payment of loan; if for the sake of significant public interest,it is worthwhile to regulate the situation of negligence,the form of sin is a behaviorresult-type fuzzy guilty,such as environmental pollution crime and crime of abuse of power.