知识产权法与反垄断法上的市场

Markets in IP and Antitrust

反垄断案件和知识产权案件都需要在很多场合界定市场。但两个法律领域中的市场界定既有联系又有区别。市场结构因素在反垄断分析中具有基础地位,在知识产权案件中基本不具有相关性。知识产权法界定市场是为了确定企业间的对抗范围,反垄断法界定市场则是为了确定企业的市场势力。有些知识产权问题涉及竞争政策,但未必需要界定相关市场。还有一些涉及知识产权的案件,因损害竞争在实质上属于反垄断案件,需要按照反垄断法的分析方法处理,包括界定相关市场。在后一类案件中,知识产权因素导致市场界定需要做一些特殊考虑,但并不改变基本分析方法,尤其是知识产权的边界型排斥并不自动等同于垄断的市场型排斥;知识产权带来的产品差异化也不等同于垄断力量。

Both antitrust cases and IP cases define markets in many situations, but market definitions in these fields are both connected and different. Market structure element holds a foundational position in antitrust analysis, but is rarely relevant in IP cases. IP laws delineate market in order to determine the range of inter-firm rivalry, while antitrust law defines market for determining market power of firms. Some IP issues raise competition policy concerns, but do not necessarily need to define a relevant market. Some other IP-related cases essentially are antitrust cases because of their causing harm to competition; therefore, they shall be addressed according to antitrust law＇s analysis methodologies, including defining relevant market. In these latter cases, the IP element renders some special considerations in the market definition process; however, this doesn＇t alter the basic methodologies of analysis, especially IP＇s boundary-based exclusion doesn＇t automatically amounts to monopoly＇s market-based exclusion, nor product differentiation caused by IP amount to monopoly power.