近现代侵权法立法模式溯源:罗马法上的私犯与准私犯研究

The Origin of Legislative Model of Modern Tort Law :A Study on Obligationes ex Delicto and Quasi ex Delicto in Roman law

罗马法上的私犯首先是与公犯相对立的,是指侵犯个人利益的不法行为,而私犯与准私犯的对立提出是以债的发生根据的四分法(契约-准契约,私犯-准私犯)为前提的,优士丁尼的《法学阶梯》分别规定了四种私犯(盗窃、抢劫、损害和侵辱)和四种准私犯(法官枉法裁判行为、抛掷或倒泼行为、放置或悬挂行为和属员致害行为)。对于私犯与准私犯的分类标准,学者分歧多多,提出了各种学说,但无法达成共识。虽然这样,罗马法上此种分类、体系及其争议,深深影响了西方国家的侵权法,形成了近现代侵权法的两大立法范式:法国模式和德国模式,其侵权行为的基本分类(侵权行为与准侵权行为)、过错责任的原则以及一般条款等最核心要素无一不是此种影响的结果,我国侵权法亦学习借鉴了其最终的理论发展成果。

At first,the delictum privatum,which is opposed to the crimen publicum,refers the wrongful violation of personal interests. The dichotomy of obligationes ex delicto and quasi ex delicto is based on the fourfold classification of obligation(contract-quasi contract,delict-quasi delict). The Justinian's Institutes has prescribed four obligationes ex delicto and four obligationes quasi ex delicto. There are so many arguments on the aforesaid dichotomy that scholars can't reach consensus. Nevertheless,the Tort Law theory in western countries is deeply affected by the division,system and disputes of the dichotomy,which forms two major legislative models of modern Tort Law :French model and German model. Furthermore,the fundamental classification of tort(delict-quasi delict),the principle of fault and general terms etc. in modern Tort Law,are also the result of influence by the aforementioned dichotomy. Therefore,the Chinese Tort Law has also learned from its final theoretical development.