战役重写与国家认同——英国宗教改革语境中的《马耳他的犹太人》

Campaign Rewriting and Nation Identification:The Jew of Malta in the Context of English Reformation

一直以来,学界从形式主义、后殖民主义或表演政治等视角研究马洛的《马耳他的犹太人》,忽视了该剧上演时英国面临西班牙军事威胁的历史语境。从英国宗教改革语境出发,发现本剧基于1523年马耳他抵御奥斯曼帝国入侵的罗兹岛战役失利,重写了1565年马耳他保卫战,暗示英格兰与马耳他类似,在1587-1588年间经受的罗马教廷和西班牙"无敌舰队"的军事威胁。通过战役重写,马洛把巴拉巴斯和芬尼兹分别隐喻西班牙间谍和罗马教廷权贵,让英格兰人认清天主教的撒旦本质,以"树敌"方式使英格兰人与新教实现国家认同,帮助女王完成民族身份构建之理想。

The academic field has ignored the historical context of Spanish threat confronted by England when the play was staged.From English Reformation on which Marlowe set The Jew of Malta,this paper argues that this play is based on the Rhodes Campaign of 1523 where Malta failed to resist the invasion by the Ottoman Empire,and that it rewrites the Malta Defense War of 1565,indicating that England analogous to Malta suffered a military threat from the Roman Church and Spanish Armada.By rewriting the campaign Marlowe uses Barabas and Ferneze to symbolize Spanish spy and Roman Catholic bigwigs respectively,and lets the English recognize the true Satan essence of Catholics,and through a dichotomy makes the English identify with the Protestant nation,helping the queen accomplish the construction of national identity.