莫莱蒂“形式的唯物主义”探析

A Study of Franco Moretti's “Materialism of Form”

弗兰克·莫莱蒂直接受到德拉-沃尔佩的实证主义马克思主义的影响,追求文学研究的客观性和科学性。他使用计量方法是最具体的体现。当然,阿尔都塞的结构主义马克思主义是莫莱蒂的整个思维的主要语境。虽然接受了卢卡奇的命题"文学中真正的社会因素是形式",但与之前的马克思主义者相比,莫莱蒂对该命题的思考体现出三个特色:第一,形式不是概念性的、抽象的存在,或者是为了理论的需要性存在,他将其落实为文体理论和文体实践与样式;第二,对形式的认知不是采用形而上学的演绎方式和经验论的归纳模式,而是直面文体形式的数量态、时间态、历史态和地理空间态;第三,他对文体形态的剖析使用了跨学科的综合性方法。应该说,其马克思主义立场就体现在不断地使用和贴近文体的物态或者物质性。这就是他的"形式的唯物主义"这个总命题所涵盖的方面和指向的内容。

Directly influenced by Galvano Della Volpe＇s Positivist Marxism, Franco Moretti pursues objective and scientific literary research. The most concrete manifestation is his use of metering method. Of course, Ahhusser＇s Structuralist Marxism is the main context for Moretti＇s entire thought. Though he accepts Lukacs＇s proposition that ＂forms are the true social factor in literature＂, there are three unique features in his thinking about the proposition compared with other Marxists. Firstly, forms are not conceptual or abstract, nor do they exist for the need of theories. Rather, forms are a part of stylistic theories, stylistic practices and styles. Secondly, forms are not recognized by means of metaphysical deduction or empirical conclusion, but directly involving the state of number, time, history and geographical space. Thirdly, he analyzes stylistic features with a comprehensive interdisciplinary method. It should be mentioned that Moretti has constantly used and been close to physical state or materiality of stylistic features, which reflects his Marxist standpoint. Such is the content covered by the general proposition of his ＂Materialism of forms＂.