董仲舒与汉代灾异理论的建构

Dong Zhongshu and the Construction of the Calamity Theory in the Han Dynasties

董仲舒结合先秦以来的知识与理论,总结出了一套完整而有体系的灾异理论。董仲舒对"灾异"概念的诠释,不仅具有一定的逻辑抽象性,还把对灾异的诠释上升到了伦理学以及哲学的高度。灾异在董氏天人理论的支配之下,即是为了让人君意识到"天之不可不畏敬",又是人君政治权利乃天授的显现。而他加入的阴阳学说,使得灾异不再是简单的违背自然客观规律的异象,而是天的意志对人的不满。然而灾异"偶然性"的出现,并未能打破这种认识,反而使人们更加注重对自身道德的关注。

Dong Zhongshu summarizes a set of complete and systematic calamity theory based on the knowledge and theories since the Pre-Qin Period. His interpretation of calamity not only has some logical abstraction but also has risen to the height of philosophy and ethics. Under the domination of Dong Zhongshu’s theory of the relationship between Heaven and man, not only does the calamity theory make the rulers realize that Heaven can not be defied, it also embodies that the political rights of the rulers are given by Heaven. And according to his Yin-Yang theory, calamity is no longer the simple unusual phenomenon that goes against the objective natural law but the dissatisfaction of the will of Heaven with human beings. However, the “accidental” calamity does not make people eliminate such kind of understanding but make them pay more attention to their own morality.