秦汉之际法道二家的“无为而治”理念与政治分工的实效性新探

A New Research on Legalist and Taoist Ideas of “Govern by Non-interference” and the Effectiveness of Political Division of Labor During Qin-Han Dynasties

秦汉大一统帝国建立之后,不论是重视"法术势"三者结合的法家,还是强调"道生法"的黄老道家,都成为各自历史时期的官方统治思想。二家学说虽有不同,但都提倡"无为而治"中所体现的"君臣不同道",即"君无为而臣有为"这一政治分工理念,因而在中央集权制度框架内,本应对于君权的限制、贤才的重视、治理国家的成本操作等方面都有很好的政治实效性。但从史实效果来看,秦帝国的二世而亡说明秦朝君臣并没有实践法家学说关于这种分工的合理性政治构建,而汉初"文景之治"这一盛世景象,却反映出汉代君臣在黄老"无为而治"的分工模式下产生的理想效果。政治理论的意义不仅在其创新点上,更需要体现在其政治实效性上,因而这种"无为而治"的分工理念为我们今天国家治理体系与治理能力现代化都提供了较好的借鉴意义。

After the establishment of the unified empire of Qin and Han Dynasties, both Legalist and Huang-Lao Taoist became the official ruling ideology of their historical periods respectively . Although their theories are different from each other, they both advocate “monarch does nothing while minister does something”, which is the idea of political division of labor that should bring good political effectiveness in the centralized system. But judging from the historical facts, the destruction of the Qin Empire shows that they did not practice this political division of labor while the “Enlightened Administration of Han Emperors Wen and Jing”is the result of the political division of labor in Han Dynasty. The significance of political theory should not only be presented on its innovation, but needs to be reflected on its political effectiveness as well. And the concept of“ Govern by non-interference”which is the political division of labor provides a new angle for the modernization of national governance system and governance capability.