不同施肥条件下甘肃夏玉米农田灌淤土土壤氨挥发研究

The ammonia volatilization of anthropogenic-alluvial soil in summer maize farmland under different fertilization methods in Gansu Province

通过间歇密闭室抽气法对不同施肥方式下甘肃农田灌淤土土壤氨挥发,以及不同施肥方式对玉米生长发育与氮素平衡的影响进行了研究。结果表明,基肥与追肥氨挥发分别持续了15 d与11 d,基肥时期氨挥发累积量在2.970~4.123 kg·hm^(-2)之间,占施肥量的0.81%~1.65%;追肥时期累积量在6.240~8.347 kg·hm^(-2)之间,占施肥量的3.1%~4.6%;覆膜+尿素施肥条件下农田氨挥发损失较小,氮肥利用率高,千粒重比常规施肥高出3.6%~11.9%;产量比常规施肥高出24.98%~36.73%;降低氮盈余量40.46~68.67 kg·hm^(-2)。综上所述,覆膜施肥(尿素深施/表施灌水)能降低土壤氨挥发损失,促进夏玉米生长发育及产量,增加生产效益,农业面源污染小。因此,可以在甘肃灌淤土玉米种植区进行大面积推广使用。

The effects of different fertilization methods on the ammonia volatilization of anthropogenic-alluvial soil and maize growth and nitrogen balance were studied by intermittent closed chamber pumping method. The results showed that the ammonia volatilization of basal fertilizer and topdressing fertilizer continued for 15 days and 11 days. The accu-mulation of ammonia volatiles during basal fertilizer period was between 2.970 and 4. 123 kg·hm^-2, accounting for0.81% to 1.65% of the total amount of fertilizer,如d the accumulation of anmonia volatiles during topdressing period was between 6 . 240 -8 . 347kg·hm^-2,accounting for 3.1% to 4.6 % of the amount of fertilizer applied; The loss of ammonia volatilization was lower under the condition of film and urea fertilization, and the utilization rate of nitro-gen fertilizer was higher than that of conventional fertilization. The mass of 1000 grains was higher than that of conven-tional fertilization 3.6% to 11.9% , and yield of maize was higher than that conventional fertilization 24. 98% to 36.73% ; reduce the nitrogen surplus of 40.46 to 68.67 kg·hm^-2. In summary, the application of film mulching （urea deep application / surface irrigation） can reduce soil ammonia volatilization loss, promote the growth and development of summer maize and yield, increase production efficiency, decrease agricultural non-point source pollution. Therefore, film mulching will be large-scale used in anthropogenic-alluvial soil of the summer maize planting area in Gansu Province.