意志自由论的两种形态及其理论检验

Two Versions of Libertarianism and Their Theoretical Examination

意志自由观念经常受到质疑,主张有意志自由的哲学理论被称为"意志自由论",意志自由论有古典和当代两种形式。康德是古典意志自由理论的代表,他主张,在本体界,人是自由的并且拥有自由意志,然而在现象界,人则不是自由的,受制于因果规律。法兰克福是当代意志自由理论的代表,他认为,意志自由存在于人的一阶意志与二阶意志的一致之中。但是当我们用自由的三种含义(道德自由、政治自由和本体论自由)对意志自由理论加以检验之后,我们发现,无论是康德式的古典意志自由理论还是法兰克福式的当代意志自由理论,都存在一些难以克服的困难。

Though frequently questioned,the freedom of the will is claimed by Libertarianism,a philosophical theory with two versions:classical and contemporary.As a representative of the classical libertarianism,Kant maintained that man is free with free will in noumenal world,but not free in phenomenal world,when ruled by the law of causality.Harry Frankfurt,however,as a representative of contemporary libertarianism,supposed the freedom of the will is to be found in the unity of the first order with the second order of the will.Having examined the two versions of libertarianism with three concepts of freedom,i.e.moral,political or ontological freedom,we have to say that either classical or contemporary libertarianism is burdened with insurmountable difficulties.