封建主义与英国有限王权的形成

The Feudalism of England and the Formation of Limited Monarchy

英国走了一条与欧洲大陆不同的封建主义道路,通过建立普通法体系、私有财产制度,保障了贵族们的封建法权和自由,从而为有限王权的形成奠定了政治、社会与文化基础。英国封建主义的独特性塑造了有限王权的制度体系和意识形态。在制度层面,封建主义直接催生了以"王在议会"为特征的议会制度,塑造了以"君民共治"为特征的混合政体。在观念层面,封建主义确立了贵族的反抗权,萌生出政治权威需要人民"同意"的政治意识。这些与有限王权相关的制度、原则和思想成为近代英国君主立宪制的基本渊源,不仅反映了英国尊重传统、注重妥协的政治文化,也反映了现代政治对中世纪的继承与发展。

England took a road of feudalism which is different from that of European Continent and England laid the foundation of the political, social and cultural foundation for the formation of limited monarchy through the establishment of common law system, the system of private property, and protection of the legal rights and freedom of feudal nobles.These feudalism factors promoted the rise of limited monarchy.The unique features of British feudalism shaped the institution and ideology of limited monarchy.From the view of institution, the limited monarchy is embodied in the ＂ King in parliament＂.Under the system of ＂ King in parliament＂, the monarch shared his political power with his subjects, established a mixed constitution with the rule of＂governed by the monarchy and the people＂.Complementary to the constitutional system,feudalism established the right of resistance of the nobility,and sprouted the political consciousness that the acquisition of political authority requires the consent of the people.In addition, the institutions,principles and ideas of limited monarchy in feudal society evolved directly into the constitutional monarchy of modern England, which not only indicates that England respects tradition and pays attention to compromise but also reflects that modern politics inherits and develops that of middle age.