简析俄罗斯政治权力体系架构的特点及其挑战

A Brief Analysis of the Characteristics of the Russian Political Power Architecture and Its Challenges

俄罗斯政治权力体系架构最突出的特点是强总统制下不均衡的权力分布格局。总统的超高权威是由缺乏有效政治聚合的民众直接赋予的,本应作为权力中枢的代议机制因缺乏充分的发育而无力发挥权力制衡的作用,因此权力被高度集中到总统手中。而集权则提供进一步削弱政治牵制力量的条件,无论是从横向的议会政党体制来讲,还是纵向的联邦体制而言都是如此。由此,权力极化的总统需要的仅仅是取悦分散的民众即可,而无须着力构建均衡高效的权力运行机制,这不仅在政治伦理层面会极大损害良性的政治参与,同时在国家治理层面也会出现难以克服的困境:在必须维系民众支持的既有前提下,一方面无法打破旧有利益链条的束缚以促进社会经济发展;另一方面,作为一种快捷且高效的手段,利用民族主义甚至是民粹主义情绪势必会成为当权者的优先选项。

The most prominent feature of Russia’s political power system is the unbalanced power distribution pattern under the strong presidential system.President’s super authority,which is given directly by people who is lacking effective political aggregation,should have as central representative system but lacking enough development to play the role of balances mechanism,so power is highly concentrated into the hands of the President.And centralization will provide the conditions that further weaken the political containment,both in terms of the transverse parliamentary party system and in terms of the vertical federal system.As a result,what the President with super power needs is just to please people and does not need to strive to build a balanced and efficient operation mechanism of power.This will not only greatly damage the benign political participation in the political ethics,but also can present insurmountable difficulties at the governance level:under the premise that public support must be sustainable,those in power unable to break the bondage of the old interest chain in order to promote social and economic development,on the one hand;the use of nationalism or even populist sentiment as a quick and efficient means is bound to be a priority for those in power,on the other.