建筑工人危险认知结果的差异特性

Differences between construction workers in hazard cognition

为提高建筑工人的危险认知水平,以认知心理学为基础,运用心理测量范式获取工人对不同事故的危险认知结果,用分类对比法探究认知结果的差异规律,分析工人的危险认知结果特点、危险敏感性变化规律、危险认知偏差成因等深层问题。研究表明:危险认知结果与危险特征对工人的刺激程度和工人对该刺激的敏感程度密切相关,具有模糊性、差异性和变化性;相同条件下,工人对低危、频发、险兆特征直观、可控性好的事故的危险认知差异较大,这种危险易被低估;工人中会出现适应危险的现象,造成危险敏感性下降和危险感知麻木;而造成工人危险认知偏差的主要原因是危险敏感性下降、危险认知主观性过强和高估自身应对危险的能力。

First,the results of construction workers＇ hazard cognition of different accidents are obtained by using the psychometric paradigm. Then the differences between construction workers in hazard cognition are explored by making a classification and a comparison. At last,in order to improve construction workers＇ hazard cognition,some deeper problems are analyzed based on the cognitive psychology,which include characteristics of hazard cognition＇s result,change rules of hazard sensitivity,causes of hazard cognition bias. The results show that the results of hazard cognition are related to the degree of stimulation of hazard characteristics to workers and the sensitivity of workers to the stimulation closely. Under the same conditions,there is a large difference between workers in the perception of the hazards having low potential for damaging,a high occurrence frequency,visual indication,and good controllability,and the hazards are liable to be underestimated easily,that there is a danger of adaptation among workers,resulting in a decrease in hazard sensitivity and a lack of hazard perception,and that the main reasons of the workers＇ hazard cognition bias are the decrease of hazard sensitivity,the excessive subjectivity of hazard cognition and the overvaluation of hazard response ability.