芝麻诱发突变技术育种研究进展

Research Advances on Induced Mutation Breeding of Sesame

近年来,空间环境诱变、离子束辐照及核辐射传统诱变技术在我国改良农作物和发掘新基因中应用日趋活跃。诱发突变技术应用于芝麻新材料创制及新品种选育始于1950年,据国际诱变育成品种数据库的不完全统计,截至2017年3月,世界上60多个国家在217种植物上诱变了3 246个正式发布的突变品种,8个国家诱变了25个芝麻突变体,其中我国诱变5个芝麻突变体,占总量20%而位居世界第二。综述了芝麻诱变育种的成果及诱变获得的芝麻农艺性状、抗病性等性状突变,并对今后芝麻诱变育种的目标及方法进行了展望,以期为研究芝麻功能基因组学提供丰富的多样材料及芝麻种质创新提供重要的理论参考。

In recent years,the use of space environment mutagenesis,ion beam irradiation and nuclear radiation mutagenesis hasbecome increasingly active in improving crop and exploring new genes in China. Induced mutagenesis technology used in sesame new materialcreation and new cultivar breeding began in 1950. According to incomplete statistics of the FAO/IAEA database,up to March 2017,thereare officially released 3 246 mutant cultivars from 217 crop species in more than 60 countries of the world;25 sesame mutants were releasedby 8 countries,China released 5 sesame mutants,ranking in the second while accounting for 20% of the total. In this paper,the results ofmutagenesis of sesame and the mutations of agronomic traits and disease resistance of sesame are reviewed,and the objectives and methodsof future sesame mutation breeding are also discussed. This paper aims at providing an important theoretical reference for the study of sesamefunctional genomics to provide rich and diverse materials and sesame germplasm innovation.