论独立担保的修正类型谱系——兼评最高人民法院独立保函司法解释

On the Genealogy of Exceptions to Independent Guarantees——Comments on the Independent Guarantee Interpretation by Supreme People's Court

作为独立担保赖以存续的基础,独立性与单据性在带来商事效率的同时也产生了欺诈、权利滥用等风险,需要通过类型化的修正机制予以完善。在最高人民法院《关于审理独立保函纠纷案件若干问题的规定》中,解释起草者纳入了无真实基础交易、单据欺诈和明显滥用付款请求权,并规定了兜底条款。通过考察各国对独立担保的修正类型的规定,可以清晰地得出以下谱系:循其对独立担保的独立性破坏程度,由强至弱,其谱系为显失公平、基础交易违法(与无真实基础交易相当)、明显滥用付款请求权(权利滥用)、单据无效、单据欺诈、独立担保违法。故而,各国法律对不同修正情形的选取,实则反映了在公平与效率之间的取舍程度。从教义学立场出发,我国司法解释中的"其他滥用付款请求权的情形"应当限制在基础交易违法以及更为严重的情形之上。

As the legal basis of independent guarantee, the principle of independence and documentality bring about the commercial efficiency and fraud and other risks at the same time. In the Judicial Interpretation on Independent Guarantee by the Supreme People＇ s Court, the drafters included the exception of absence of underlying transactions, document fraud, apparent abuse of payment claims and other situations. By examining the harms caused to the independent mechanism by different situations, the following genealogy can be portraited by the seriousness： Unfair, Illegal underlying transactions, Abuse of rights, Nullity of documents, Fraud in docu- ments, Illegality of independent guarantees. According to the dogmatic interpretation, the excep- tions should be restricted to the situation of illegality and more serious ones.