略谈司马迁与杜佑著史思想之差异——从《史记》与《通典》“匈奴”记载比较谈起

On the Difference of the History Thoughts between Sima Qian and Du You——From the Comparison of Shi Ji “Huns” and Tong Dian“Huns”

西汉司马迁所著《史记》是纪传体通史,唐代杜佑所修《通典》为典制体通史。由于二者生活的社会背景和个人经历不同,再将《史记·匈奴列传》与《通典·匈奴上》相比较并结合其他文献,可以发现两位史学家著史都有经世致用的思想,但《史记》重在记人叙事,《通典》重在"谈治理"。作为历经六朝,任三朝宰相的政治家杜佑"将施有政"这一思想,比生于史官世家的司马迁更为浓厚。而史官世家出身的司马迁著史无避讳,杜佑有避讳。

In Western Han Dynasty, Sima Qian's Shi Ji is the first general history works of China by chronology and Du You's Tong Dian in Tang Dynasty is the first book which specifically described the general history of the ancient laws and institutions.By comparing the two works,and studying other documents,we could found that records of events and characters are the focal point of Shi Ji.while,talking governance is the key of Tong Dian.Although the two history works both have statecraft with history,but Du You has discussed more profoundly,who were borned in a Politician family which survived Six Dynasties and produced prime ministers of three dynasties.