古代希腊重装步兵的兴起及其政治意义

The Rise of the Hoplites in Ancient Greece and Its Political Implications

本文意在探讨古风时代希腊重装步兵兴起的证据与政治含义,首先回顾了学术界有关重装步兵兴起的争论,接着概述了荷马时代与古典时代士兵和军队的构成及其作战方式,认为古典时代典型的步兵方阵战法,的确需要到古风时代的社会变革中寻找。提尔泰的诗歌与奇格陶瓶成为重装步兵兴起的直接证据。他们是相对富裕的公民,又是士兵和土地所有者,在成为战场上主力的同时,他们也在政治上开始扮演角色。僭主政治的流行,与重装步兵主动的支持或被动的接受存在一定关系。僭主的政策,在某些方面也呼应了重装步兵的诉求。

This paper probes the rise of ancient Greek hoplites and its political implications. Firstly,it reviews the scholarship on the origins of the hoplites and offers a survey of the structure and fighting techniques in the Homeric and the Classical Ages before concluding that the origins of typical hoplite fighting should be found in the Archaic Age. The poems of Tyrtaeus and the pictures on the Chigi Vase provide the crucial evidence for the rise of the hoplites. They were relatively wealthy citizens and at once soldiers and land owners,which drove them to assert themselves politically. The popularity of tyranny was probably related to their active support,or at least their passive acceptance. The policies of the Tyrants responded to their concern to some extent.