证据裁判视角下刑事错案的生成与防治

Analysis on Prevention of Criminal Misjudged Cases from the Perspective of Evidence-governing Principle

有效防治错案是当前各国立法和刑事司法实践的共同目标。在我国,许多错案生成的主要原因在于证据问题:它们均或多或少地违背、忽视证据裁判原则及相关的证据制度和规则。本文以近10年全国范围内改判无罪的30起典型刑事错案为研究对象,通过对证据问题的量化分析,找出错案的内在生成机理,并由此探寻错案的防治路径。打破传统的"侦查中心主义",积极建设"以审判为中心的诉讼制度",依据相关证据制度和规则,有助于促进错案防治机制的规范化、系统化、实质化。

The prevention of misjudged cases has become a common consensus in criminal procedural legislation and judicial practice of all countries in modern times.The key cause of criminal misjudged cases lies in the evidentiary matters,namely many misjudged cases begin with violating and ignoring the evidence-governing principle and related evidentiary rules in the criminal proceedings.This paper is based on 30 typical criminal misjudged cases on a national scale as its research sample,all of which had been given judgments of acquittal.It conducts the quantitative analysis of evidence,identifies the intrinsic formation mechanism of criminal misjudged cases and proposes the measures for preventing such misjudgment.In addition,it argues to break the traditional notion of "investigation centrism",to actively develop a "trial-centred litigation system" and to regulate relevant evidentiary rules and systems in the light of the evidence-governing principle in the criminal procedure for the purpose of advancing the normalized,systematic and substantiated prevention mechanism of misjudged cases in China.