主审法官责任制构建之二维展开

Accountability of presiding judges

中国的《宪法》及相关法律并未明确规定法官个体的独立地位,法院内部对审判权行使的行政化干预时有发生。独任法官或合议庭应当执行审判委员会的决定,法院行政管理者也可以假借裁判文书审批的权力左右裁判结果。司法实践中产生了审判权限分离以及附带的责任主体模糊的问题。主审法官责任制改革旨在打造"让审理者裁判"的权力运行架构以及"由裁判者负责"的责任承担机制。主审法官责任制的构建可以从赋权与明责两个维度加以展开:其一是赋予主审法官行使从主持庭审、作出裁判直至签发裁判文书的完整的裁判权力。主审法官与审判委员会、合议庭其他成员之间的关系面临重塑。其二是明确主审法官违法审判应当承担的责任范围、形式以及追责主体。法官惩戒免职权的配置应遵循司法规律、司法原理的要求,重点解决权限内部化问题。在法官群体中选拔精英担任主审法官只是特定时期的权宜之计,最终目标应该定位于法官走向精英化并赋予所有法官相同而完整的审判权。

Since the Chinese Constitution and relevant laws do not stipulate the independence of judges,intervention in their judicial powers from their courts is not a rare occurrence.Though judges or group-congress are supposed to execute the decisions of the judicial committee,the court administrators can also influence the sentence result under the guise of exercising the approval power of adjudicative documents.Therefore,trial and judgement are actually separated and the responsible subjects are not designated.We propose a reform in presiding judge's responsibility that aims at creating a power operation structure of letting those who hear the cases judge and a mechanism of judges'accountability,which can be implemented from two aspects.First,the presiding judges should be empowered to preside over the trial,make the judgments and issue the judgment documents.The relationship among the presiding judges,the judicial committee and the other members of group-congress should be rebuilt.Second,the scope and the form of the presiding judges'responsibility must be explicitly defined should they make illegal trials.The select group of elite judges as presiding judges is an interim solution because the ultimate goal of the reform aims to give all the judges the same and complete trial power.The ongoing reform in judge personnel provides an excellent chance to carry out the reform.