君臣冲突与晚明士大夫政治——以万历朝“国本之争”为中心

A Study of the Conflicts between the Monarch and Officials and Political Culture in the Late Ming Dynasty——Focus on the “Competition for the throne” in the Reign of Emperor Wanli

在万历朝"国本之争"中,士大夫群体始终反对神宗将个人意愿凌驾于礼法之上,主张大臣持守原则以及君臣公议天下事,并以这种政治价值观主导了舆论的走势。神宗采取多种严厉措施打压士大夫之谏诤,然在国本之争中,士气不弱反强,对皇权构成持续性的政治约束。以万历朝"国本之争"为视角,可以体察晚明士大夫政治之张扬气象,士大夫从争国本,已然走到了诉求限制君权一节。但君臣争之激烈,又事实上引发了诸多问题。究其本质,"国本之争"反映了帝制框架内士大夫政治与皇权专制极端化的冲突,也构成晚明士大夫政治演进过程中的一个重要节点。

The Ming scholar-bureaucrat opposes that Emperor Wanli put his own will above ＂common customs＂ in the process of the ＂competition for the throne＂. They stick to the principles of monarch and officials deliberating on issues together. In the perspective of the ＂competition for the throne＂ in the reign of Emperor Wanli, the political appeal of the scholar-bureaucrat runs to limiting the power of emperor, which is the outstanding manifestation of the political culture. Essentially, the ＂competition for the throne＂ shows the conflict between the politics of emperors＇ and officials＇, which is also an important component in the evolution of political culture in Ming Dynasty.