不同耕作方式对陇中旱农区春小麦和豌豆根系空间分布及产量的影响

Effects of tillage practices on root spatial distribution and yield of spring wheat and pea in the dry land farming areas of central Gansu,China

依托陇中旱农区长期的保护性耕作定位试验,对不同耕作方式下春小麦和豌豆根系空间分布特征及作物产量进行研究,以探索耕作措施影响作物产量的机制.结果表明:随着生育期的推进,春小麦和豌豆的总根长、根表面积呈先增后减的趋势,开花期达到最大;春小麦根系苗期以0~10 cm最多,花期、成熟期10~30 cm最多;而豌豆根系苗期和成熟期均以0~10 cm最多,花期10~30 cm最多.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜增加了根长和根表面积,春小麦和豌豆各生育时期的根长较传统耕作增加了35.9%~92.6%,根表面积增加了43.2%~162.4%.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜优化了春小麦和豌豆根系分布,与传统耕作相比,增加了春小麦和豌豆苗期0~10 cm土层根长和根表面积分布比例,花期和成熟期深层次根系分布也显著增加,免耕秸秆覆盖在开花期30~80 cm土层根长和根表面积的分布比例分别比传统耕作提高了3.3%和9.7%.春小麦各生育期的总根长、根表面积与产量呈显著正相关,豌豆各生育期的总根长与豌豆产量呈极显著正相关.免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜较传统耕作春小麦和豌豆产量增加23.4%~38.7%,水分利用效率提高了13.7%~28.5%.在陇中旱农区,免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕覆膜可以增加作物根长和根表面积,优化了根系在土壤中的空间分布,增强作物根层吸收能力,从而提高作物产量和水分高效利用.

A field experiment was conducted to explore the mechanism of cultivation measures in affecting crop yield by investigating root distribution in spring wheat-pea rotation based on a long-term conservation tillage practices in a farming region of Gansu.The results showed that with the development of growth period,the total root length,root surface area of spring wheat and pea showed a consistent trend of increase after initial decrease and reached the maximum at flowering stage.Higher root distribution was found in the 0-10 cm soil layer at seedling and 10-30 cm soil layer at flowering and maturity stages in spring wheat,while in the field pea,higher root distribution was found in the 0-10 cm soil layer at seedling and maturity,and in the 10-30 cm soil layer at flowering stages.No tillage with straw mulching and plastic mulching increased the root length and root surface area.Compared with conventional tillage in spring wheat and field pea,root length increased by 35.9% to92.6%,and root surface area increased by 43.2% to 162.4%,respectively.No tillage with straw mulching and plastic mulching optimized spring wheat and pea root system distribution,compared with conventional tillage,increased spring wheat and field pea root length and root surface area ratio at 0-10 cm depths at the seedling stage,the root distribution at deeper depths increased significantly at flowering and maturity stages,and no tillage with straw mulching increased root length and root surface area ratio by 3.3% and 9.7% respectively,in 30-80 cm soil layer at the flowering stage.The total root length,root surface area and yield had significantly positive correlation for spring wheat in each growth period,and the total root length and pea yield also had significant positive correlation.No tillage with straw mulching and plastic mulching boosted yield of spring wheat and pea by 23.4%-38.7% compared with the conventional tillage,and the water use efficiency was increased by 13.7%-28.5%.It was concluded that no-till farming and straw mulching（plastic） could increase crop root length and root surface area,optimize the spatial distribution of roots in the soil,enhance crop root layer absorption ability,so as to improve crop yield and water utilization.