中世纪大学中的异端和异端学说

The Heretics and Heretic Doctrines in the Medieval Universities

本文主要研究中世纪大学教师的"学术自由"问题。中世纪大学建立初期,教会曾经多次干预大学教师的教学和研究,其中以1277年巴黎主教唐比埃颁布的学术大谴责最具代表性,学术谴责似乎阻碍了大学教师进行教学和学术研究的自由。但从13、14世纪巴黎大学对"异端学说"及学者研究活动的态度,以及牛津大学教师威克利夫及其追随者的学术活动经历来看,教会以行政手段限制教师的学术研究,作用有限,大学这个教师共同体在一定程度上为其成员提供了保护。事实上,在教会允许的范围内,大学教师们有一定的教学和研究自由,其自由的程度超出了现代人的想象。

At the start of medieval universities, the Catholic Church interfered with university teachers' teaching and academic studies for many times, among which, the academic condemnation promulgated by Tempier, the Paris Bishop, was the most typical case. The condemnation seemed to hinder medieval university teachers' teaching and study freedom. However, from the Paris University's attitude toward "heretic doctrines" and scholars' academic activities in the 13 th and 14 th centuries, from the academic experiences of John Wycliffe and his followers in Oxford University, the Catholic Church exerted limited influence on university teachers by administrative power. The university, as a community of teachers, could offer some protections for its members. As a matter of fact, medieval university teachers may enjoy some kind of freedom as long as in the scope the church permitted, and the freedom was often beyond modern people's imagination.