陆游《游山西村》的叙事结构

On the Narrative Structure of Lu You's Touring Shanxi Village

陆游《游山西村》长期以来脍炙人口,在当代入选中小学教科书,因而接受度很高。今人普遍认为该诗层次分明、结构严密,但仔细推敲可以发现,首联和颔联之间的衔接跨度过大,因而易致歧解。已发表的赏鉴文章出现了多种讲法,或以颔联为"倒叙",或以首联为"预叙"或泛写,或认为"山重水复"是"游到了村外",或认为"柳暗花明"纯粹是写景等。本文认为,该诗与传统七律不同,富有浓郁的现场感和对话气氛,尤其是首联和尾联,都是"自由直接引语",可以视为诗人与村民的对话。基于这一特点,不妨把中间两联也视为对话的组成部分。对话形式使该诗风格分外淳朴而活跃,突破了七言律诗一贯遵循的体裁风格。

Touring Shanxi Village by Lu You has long been widely accepted as a masterpiece and is included in modern elementary school textbooks. Most contemporaries agree that the poem is well structured. However, a closer scrutiny can reveal that there is too big a gap between the first and the second couplet, which may lead to ambiguity. Different analytical articles have different ways to explain this phenomenon. Some regard the second couplet as a flashback; some regard the first couplet as a flashforward or general writing; some think that ＂over numerous mountains and streams＂ （山重水复） refers to the poet＇s leaving the village; and still others insist that ＂out of the shade of the willows came bright flowers＂ （柳暗花明） is only about the scenery, etc. This paper argues that the poem is different from traditional Qilii （七律, the even-character eight-line regulated verse）, for it bears a strong sense of presence and conversational atmosphere. The first and the last lines especially consist of free direct speech and can be seen as a conversation between the poet and the villagers. Based on this feature, we might as well regard the two middle couplet as a part of the conversation. The conversational form makes the poem particularly simple and active, breaking the genre of traditional Qilii.