常用农药助剂类产品对水生生物效应研究进展

Advances in Ecotoxicological Effects of Common Pesticide Adjuvants on Aquatic Organisms

农药助剂是在农药制剂加工和使用中加入的除农药有效成分以外的其他辅助物质的总称。农药助剂在提高农药制剂药效、改善药剂性能、稳定制剂质量和降低活性成分危害等方面都起着相当重要的作用。几乎所有化学合成的农药原药都需添加农药助剂成为具有实际使用价值的农药制剂。农药助剂本身虽不具备对靶标生物的杀灭作用,但并不意味着其对环境或人体不具有危害性,部分现今仍在流通使用的农药助剂可导致健康危害,如致癌、致畸、致突变、危害神经系统,具有内分泌干扰作用等。截止目前,由于农药施用带来的农药助剂的危害问题很少引起研究人员关注,我国在农药助剂管理方面还是空白,亟需引起管理部门的重视并制订相关的防控法规。农药助剂种类繁多,我国习惯上将其分为非表面活性剂和表面活性剂两大类。本文总结了包括常用溶剂,非离子型、阳离子型和阴离子型表面活性剂在内的常用助剂对藻类、大型溞和鱼类等水生生物的急慢性毒性效应,并综述了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚类助剂及其降解产物对水生生物的内分泌干扰效应。鉴于农药助剂对生态环境和人类的健康风险,本文还提出了我国农药助剂环境安全管理策略建议。

Pesticide adjuvant is a general term for the auxiliary substances except for pesticide active components added during the processing and use of pesticide formulations. Adjuvants can enhance the pesticides performance in the aspect of improving the formulation efficacy, capability and stabilization, and reducing the hazards of active components. Almost all the chemical pesticide technicals are required to process with adjuvants to produce the for-mulations with actual use value. The adjuvants themselves normally do not have killing effect on the target organ-isms but that does not mean it is safe for the ecological environment or human health. Some pesticide adjuvants, which are still in use, are proved to have carcinogenicity, teratogenesis and mutagenicity effects, nerval toxicity, and endocrine disruption effects on organisms. So far the risk of adjuvants to the ecological environment caused by pes-ticide applications is seldom considered by researchers and there is a blank zone existed in the aspect of pesticide adjuvant management in China, which need to cause the administration 7＇s attention and develop relevant preven-tion and control regulations. There are many kinds of pesticide adjuvants, which are usually divided into two types：non surface active agent and surface active agent. In this paper, we summarize the recent development of the acute and chronic toxic effects of common solvents, non-ionic, cationic and anionic surface active agents on the aquatic organisms, including alga, daphnia and fishes. We also summarize the recent development of the endocrine disrup-tion effects of alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether and their degradation products on aquatic organisms. In view of the possible risk of pesticide adjuvants to the ecological environment and human health, several suggestions are proposed on the environmental safety management of pesticide adjuvants in China.