从宗教解放、政治解放到人类解放——马克思《论犹太人问题》的内在理路探析

From Religious Emancipation and Political Emancipation to Human Emancipation——The Inner Logic of “On the Jewish Issue”

犹太人问题一直是各学派瞩目的话题,也是20世纪德国社会中表现最为突出的问题之一。布鲁诺·鲍威尔曾在《犹太人问题》和《现代犹太人和基督徒获得自由的能力》两篇文章中阐述了其对犹太人问题的看法。1843年,马克思的《论犹太人问题》对鲍威尔关于犹太人问题的观点进行了批判。马克思从宗教问题谈到政治问题,又从政治问题谈到政治国家与市民社会的关系,最后谈到人的真正本质的实现,其在对鲍威尔唯心主义思想的超越中走向了唯物主义,从革命民主主义走向了共产主义。

The issue of Jews has been the focus of attention of various schools. It is also one of the most prominent problems in the German Society in twentieth Century. Bruno Bauer expounded his views on the Jewish problem in "The Jewish Issue"and "The Ability of Modern Jews and Christians to Be Free". In the autumn of 1843,Marx wrote "On the Jewish Issue",and criticized Powell's views on the Jewish issues. Marx discussed about political issues from religious issues,and from political issues to the relationship between political state and civil society,and finally about the true nature of human beings. He went to materialism in the transcendence of Bauer's idealism thought,and hence turned from revolutionary democracy to communism.