耶路撒冷阿克萨清真寺的人类学解读——从国家的遗产到遗产的文明

An Anthropological Account on the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem——From a National Heritage to a Heritage of Civilizations

阿克萨清真寺,位于耶路撒冷老城内,在前现代时期,阿克萨清真寺所处的圣殿山伴随着各类宗教文明在不同时期的争夺,历经多次政权更迭而几经推倒重建,其性质和主权不断变换。进入现代民族国家阶段,阿克萨清真寺以人类文化遗产的形态得以长期保留,与此同时又必须接受以色列政府的主权管理,这使其具有了民族国家和宗教文明的双重属性。在耶路撒冷特殊的地缘政治背景下,两种属性往往在日常生活中构成冲突:一方面,民族国家的管理对其宗教文明的特质加以强有力的约束;另一方面,在某些特殊的时空之下,宗教文明又对民族国家构成了暂时性的超越,为民族国家的管理提供了新的挑战和可能性。本研究将基于2012—2013年东耶路撒冷的田野调查从阿克萨清真寺的日常管理、土地日冲突事件以及盖德尔夜的宗教实践等方面探讨现代民族国家与宗教文明之间复杂的互动过程,揭示其冲突与共生的本质。

The Al-Aqsa Mosque situates in the old city of Jerusalem. During the pre-modern period with various religious civilizations competing at different points in time, Temple Mount, where the Al-Aqsa Mosque is located, has been reshaped and even pushed down to rebuild multiple times to stay consistent with the constant changes in its nature and sovereignty. In the modern nation-state stage, the Al-Aqsa Mosque was preserved in the form of human cultural heritage for a long time. At the same time it had to accept the sovereign administration of the Israeli government, which marked its dual attributes of nation-state and religious civilization. In the special geopolitical context of Jerusalem, these two attributes often create conflicts in daily life. On the one hand, the characteristics of religious civilization is strongly constrained by the administration of the nationstate; on the other hand, in some special time, religious eivilization prompts a temporary transcendenee from the nation-state, thus providing new challenges and possibilities for the nationstate administration. This study will explore the complex interactions between the modern nationstate and religious civilization. It will also reveal its nature of eonfliets and symbiosis from the aspects of the daily administration of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the Land Day conflict, and the religious practice of the Lailah al-Qadr based on the fieldwork conducted in East Jerusalem from 2012 to 2013.