日本义务教育学校班级编成标准及教师定额政策的内容与特点

The Japanese Policy on Class Structure and Authorized Number of Teachers in Compulsory Schools

日本为了实现义务教育阶段学校班级规模和教师配置的最大合理化,提高义务教育水准,消解基础教育不平等现象,在1958年便颁布了《公立义务教育诸学校班级编成及教职员定额数标准法》。依据此法,日本先后进行了十次"教职员定额数调整计划",逐步构建出学校班级编成与教师定额配置一体化系统,在缩小班级规模、提高教学质量、减少校园欺凌、避免学生辍学等方面发挥了良好的作用。梳理总结这十次调整计划的内容及其重点措施,发现该政策特点主要有:长期推进教学小班化,努力降低生师比;坚持以学生为本,采用"标准加机动"的教师编制核定模式;完善法律制度,切实保障政策贯彻落实;适应现实需要,针对义务教育发展面临的新形势和新需求及时调整教师编制政策。

To realize the maximum rationalization of class size and teacher distribution in every school during the stage of compulsory education, eliminate the education inequality, maintain and raise the level of compulsory education, Japan government published the law of the standard of class structure and authorized number of teachers in compulsory schools in 1958. The law combined the class structure and the authorized number of Teachers into one system. Based on the law, MEXT （the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology） has been changing the plans of adjusting the teacher norm number for ten times. The plans have a good result in reducing class sizes, increasing the efficiency of teaching, reducing school bullying and the dropping out of students through the implementation of the plans. To summarize the contents of these plans, especially the characteristics of teacher distribution, can provide some references to the education development of China, especially in the aspect of the theory, the system and the teacher allocation.