《国语》《左传》用《诗》比较

A Comparison of Guoyu and Zuozhuan in Quoting from The Book of Songs

《国语》和《左传》两部作品都大量地引用了《诗经》的文字,两书的用《诗》,一定程度上反映了霸道和王道思维的差异。根据《左传》,《诗经》引用必须要符合本意,即赋诗必类;但礼崩乐坏以后,出现了断章取义,随意使用的情形,一般以为这是赋诗断章的开始。根据《国语》,赋诗一开始就有断章引用情况存在。通过对《国语》和《左传》引用《诗经》进行比较发现,《国语》用的是晋国版本,而《左传》用的是鲁国版本,二者和今本《诗经》皆有一些差别。《国语》以晋国为中心,记载了天子治国和曾经称霸过的诸侯国的相关语说,代表了霸道时代人们的历史文化态度,和《左传》的王道思维截然不同。

Both Guoyu and Zuozhuan quoted a large number of poems from The Book of Songs. To some extent, the different quotations reflect the difference between hegemonies and kingcraft. According to Zuozhuan, the quotation of poems has to comply with its original meaning, namely in conformity with context. After the ceremony disintegration, the quotation of poems was done out of context and was more flexible, which was the beginning of conformity with practicability. According to Guoyu, since the beginning of quotation, there existed interpretation out of context, as long as it could comply with the original meaning. By comparing the two books, we find that Guoyu used the version of Jin, while Zuozhuan used the version of Lu, both have a difference with current version of The Book of Songs. Guoyu was based on Jin State, recorded the content of Zhou Emperor and vassal states which once dominated parts of the country, represented people＇s attitude of history and culture in hegemonic era. It＇ s distinct from kingcraft virtuous idea in Zuozhuan.