依田憙家中日前近代文化比较观探析

On Yoshiie Yoda's Comparative Views on the Cultures of China and Japan before Modern Times

日本历史学家依田憙家运用唯物史观研究中日近代化差异,认为中日前近代文化是两国近代化的重要前提。他认为,中日近代化过程中的文化形态在前近代就已形成,中日前近代文化虽同为封建文化,但是差异很大。传统文化性质不同,日本传统文化性质是文化摄取性,中国传统文化性质为文化发生性,日本比中国更易于接受西学。文化形态方面,"文化基本形态"不同,日本为"并存型",中国为"单一型";"摄取文化的形态"不同,日本为"全面摄取型",中国为"部分摄取型",日本文化形态比中国文化形态更有利于吸收西学,前近代日本西学发展超过中国。教育形态不同,日本"普及、提高能力型"教育形态比中国"选拔、达到目的型"教育形态更有利于教育普及和能力提高。社会协作不同,日本"非亲族协作型"以"忠"或"义理"为伦理观念,中国"亲族协作型"以"孝"为伦理观念,日本社会协作比中国有利于近代经济发展。日本前近代文化比中国更有利于吸收西学和思想启蒙,有利于近代化。

Japanese historian Yoshiie Yoda＇ s studied the difference between China and Japan ＇ s modernization with historical materialism. He insisted that the cultures before modern times of China and Japan were important premise of the two countries＇ modernization. He thought that the culture types in Chinese and Japanese modernization process had been shaped before modern times and that the cultures of China and Japan before modern times were feudal cultures, but the difference was very big. The properties of both traditional cultures were different, the property of Japanese traditional culture was of the accepting type and the property of Chinese traditional culture was the producing type. Japan found it easier to accept the western learning. The basic Japanese culture was a ＇dual type＇, while the basic Chinese culture was a ＇unitary type＇ ; Japanese culture type accepted the western learning more than Chinese culture type, the development of western learning in Japan surpassed that in China before modern times. In education the two types were different too. Compared with the Chinese education type of ＇ selection and achieving its purpose ＇ , Japanese education type attached more importance to ＇ popularization and improving ability. They were also different in social collaborations. The Japanese ethical idea of ＂ collaborative type＇ emphasized ＇loyalty＇ or ＇ moral principle＇ , while the Chinese ethical idea of ＂tribal collaboration＇ focused on ＇ piety＇ Compared with Chinese social collaboration, Japanese social collaboration was more favorable to the development of modern economy. The pre-modern time culture of Japan were more suitable for the acceptance of western learning and ideational initiation, thus better for the advancing of modernization.