生物多样性保护经济政策分析及展望

Analysis and Outlook on the Economic Policies in Biodiversity Conservation

当前世界各国越来越重视对生物多样性的保护,开发了一系列包括行政命令和经济政策的生物多样性保护政策工具,其中的生物多样性保护经济政策可以有效推动经济系统正确反映生物多样性的价值,引导经济主体做出更有利于生物多样性保护的决策,已成为了生物多样性保护行政命令的有力补充。西方国家已积累了较多生物多样性保护经济政策的实践经验,主要包括环境财税政策、生物多样性补偿、绿色产品市场和生物多样性惠益等几大类,取得了一定效果;然而我国的生物多样性保护政策以单纯保护的行政命令为主,在生物多样性保护经济政策领域的研究和实践都较为滞后,因此,本文通过梳理我国生物多样性保护政策特点和国外生物多样性保护经济政策实践,分析我国生物多样性保护经济政策的不足,并从政策主要建设方向以及政策工作需求等方面提出相应建议:一是加快环境财税改革;二是在坚持生物多样性就地保护的前提下探索生物多样性补偿;三是在农产品"三品一标"系统基础上推动绿色产品标识在生物多样性领域的应用,同时推动政府对生物多样性友好型产品的绿色公共采购;四是加大生物多样性惠益分享的基础工作力度,尽快落实数据调查工作;五是围绕明晰自然资源资产产权、调查积累生物多样性基础数据等领域,加快构筑生物多样性经济政策工作基础和前提条件。

With increasing emphasis on the biodiversity conservation,many countries have developed a series of managerial policies and tools comprising administrative orders and economic means. As an important supplement of the administrative orders,the way from economic aspect is competent to effectively boost correct reflections of economic systems on biodiversity values,and induct economic entities to formulate strategies which are beneficial to biodiversity conservation. Western countries have accumulated numerous practical experiences in ecological policies of biodiversity conservation and obtained some achievements,mainly including environmental fiscal policies, biodiversity compensation, green product marketing and biodiversity benefit. However,biodiversity conservation policies are principally based on executive orders in China and are lack in researches and practices in the field of economic policies on biodiversity conservation. Through organizing feathers of biodiversity conservation policies in China and summarizing economic policies and practices abroad,this study analyzed the shortage of economic policies in biodiversity conservation in China and proposed suggestions on research priorities and practical requirements. Suggestions comprised： i） advancing environmental fiscal reform; ii） exploring biodiversity compensation with the prerequisite of in situ biodiversity conservation; iii） boosting the application of green product identification in the field of biodiversity and promoting green public procurement of governments in biodiversity-friendly products; iv） enhancing the share of biodiversity benefits as well as relevant data surveys; and v） speeding up establishment of foundations and prerequisites in ecological policies of biodiversity through specifying natural resources property rights and accumulating basic data.