宪法政治话语的历史生成:以博丹为中心的考察

The Historical Formation of Constitutional Discourse:A Case Study on Jean Bodin

当代宪法政治的理论来自于意志决断和理性论证的混合,前者通过政治过程来实施宪法载明的公意,后者通过宪法解释和审查来约束民主过程,二者构成宪法政治的正反律。这一理论逻辑的概念原点是权力和法的关系,它经过博丹的理论概括而得以现代化。通过将主权界定为立法的绝对权力,博丹确立了作为决断的主权的基本含义,通过分离和重组中世纪约束王权的习惯法,博丹确立了主权和法的新边界。加冕誓词、等级议会和高等法院等封建法内容,被重新命名为王国法,并因为其不符合绝对主权的逻辑而被否定,而有关王位继承的萨利克法和公地不能分割两项要求,被单独命名为根本法,合同、财产和征税问题被放在万民法、自然法和神法等高级法的范畴之中,构成主权权力无法逾越的界限。当代宪法政治正是这一概念体系在成文宪法语境之中的翻版。

The theory of contemporary constitutional rationalism. The former implements the general will in t politics comes he Constitution from a mixture of decisionism and through the political process, and the latter imposes restrictions on the democratic process through the constitutional review. The origin of this theoretical logic is the relationship between power and law, which has been modernized by the theo- retical reformulation of Jean Bodin. By defining sovereignty as the absolute power of legislation, t^din es- tablished the basic meaning of sovereignty as a decision. By separating and reorganizing the customary law of restraining the monarchy in the Middle Ages, Bodin set up a new borderline between sovereignty and law. Feudal Laws on the Coronation Oath, Estates General and Parlement were renamed as the law of the land and were negated because of its non--compliance with the logic of absolute sovereignty. But the Salic Law and the inalienability of public land were renamed as fundamental law, while the issues of contract, property and taxation were placed in the category of higher law, which constituted the insur- mountable boundary of sovereign power. Contemporary constitutional politics is just a repetition of this conceptual framework in a written constitutional context