福利国家延迟退休的模式与镜鉴

The Model and Mirror of the Delayed Retirement of Welfare Countries

日益加剧的人口老龄化加重了对退休制度和养老金的冲击,延迟退休成为世界各国应对老龄化最直接的现实着力点,福利国家纷纷推出调整退休年龄、延迟退休机制的实施方案。由于受社会背景、政治环境、经济体制和福利水平等方面的影响,福利国家的退休制度呈现出多样性、差异性和灵活性。根据国家福利水平与就业促进程度,将退休制度分为四种类型:"高福利+高就业"的退休模式,主要以社会民主主义福利国家为代表;"高福利+低就业"的退休模式,主要以保守主义福利国家为代表;"低福利+高就业"的退休模式,主要以自由主义福利国家为代表;"低福利+低就业"的退休模式,目前主要以我国为代表。通过考察福利与就业相挂钩的四种退休模式,以瑞典、法国、美国和日本四国的延迟退休制度为例,并从退休意愿、养老金改革和调整老龄就业结构三方面入手探讨福利国家延迟退休的国际趋同性与差异性。经过分析四国延迟退休经验后发现退休意愿与退休年龄密切相关,循序渐进延迟退休年龄,并建立弹性退休激励机制能增加劳动者的延迟退休意愿。退休制度与养老保险制度相辅相成,完善的养老保险体系能让延迟退休制度的推行事半功倍,而养老保险制度自身存在的弊端和问题会让退休制度的改革效果大打折扣,因此,西方福利国家在推行延迟退休制度的同时需要完善养老保险制度,优化退休制度的改革和实施环境。延迟退休必然要求推动老年就业,通过促进中高龄就业,缓解养老金支付压力和劳动力短缺问题。根据发达国家福利与就业挂钩的退休模式可知,我国的延迟退休改革要减少阻力、取得既定目标和最优效果,既需要适时适度完善养老金制度的激励与约束机制,渐进式提高退休年龄,提高劳动者的延迟退休意愿,形成因势因时而谋的"拉力";也需要健全多支柱养老金体系,减少退休的后顾之忧,形成应势而动的"张力";亦需要构建积极的劳动力市场促进中高龄就业,形成顺势而为的"推力",保障延迟退休群体良好的就业环境,建构我国特色的延迟退休"拉力-张力-推力"体系。

The growing aging has an growing impact on retirement age and pension costs and delayed retirement becomes the mainly measure to cope with the reality of aging. Welfare countries have introduced adjustment mechanisms of retirement age and retirement plan. Due to the influence of social background,political environment, economic system and welfare level, the retirement system in welfare countries shows diversity, difference and flexibility. According to the level of national welfare and the degree of employment promotion, the retirement system is divided into four types： ＂high welfare and high employment＂ retirement pattern mainly in the social and democratic welfare countries, ＂high welfare and low employment＂ retirement pattern mainly in the conservative welfare countries, ＂low welfare and high employment＂ retirement pattern mainly in the liberal welfare countries, and ＂low welfare and low employment＂ retirement pattern mainly in China. By investigating the four retirement models linked to welfare and employment, taking the delayed retirement system of Sweden, France, the United States and Japan as the examples and from the three aspects of retirement intention, pension reform and the adjustment of related employment structure, this paper discusses the international convergence and diversity of delayed retirement in welfare countries. After analyzing the retirement experience of the four countries, it is found that the retirement intention is closely related to the retirement age. Step by step, delayed retirement age and the establishment of an elastic retirement incentive mechanism can increase the retirement willingness of the workers. Retirement system is closely related to the old-age insurance system; therefore, the western welfare countries need to improve the old-age insurance system and optimize the reform and implementation environment of the retirement system while carrying out the delayed retirement system. The late retirement is bound to require the promotion of employment for the elderly, through which can ease the pressure of pension payments and labor shortage.According to the model of retirement linked to welfare and employment in developed countries, delayed retirement reform in China aims to reduce the resistance and achieve optimal effect. It is necessary not only to timely and appropriately improve the incentive and restraint mechanism of the pension system, gradually increase the retirement age, increase the willingness of workers to delay retirement, and form the ＂pulling force＂ depending on the time and situation, but also to improve the multi-pillar pension system to reduce the worries behind retirement and form a ＂tension＂ depending on situation. It is also necessary to build a positive labor market to promote the elderly employment, form ＂pushing force＂ depending on the situation, ensure a favorable employment environment for the delayed retirement groups and build the ＂pulling-tension-pushing＂system for the delayed retirement in China.