明代滇抚赞理军务兼衔与夺考——兼论云南军政结构的演化

Research of the Grant and Removal of Yunnan Imperial Inspector's Military Duty and the Evolvement of Yunnan's Military-Political Structure in the Ming Dynasty

明代云南巡抚所兼赞理军务一职的与夺背后,是巡抚与沐氏总兵之间复杂的权力消长关系。明代中期,朝廷一方面不断强化巡抚的军政职权以遏制勋贵世镇的弊病,另一方面又长期不授予巡抚赞理军务的兼衔,以凸显沐氏总兵的特殊地位。至嘉靖朝,沐氏多名子孙冲龄莅政,世镇体制出现危机,于是朝廷正式加滇抚赞理军务衔以稳定边陲。此后因黔国公争权,巡抚建制又有所反复。但相较贵族世袭,官僚体制的优越性更加明显,巡抚在一定程度上逐步取代了黔国公的军政职能,沐氏世镇反而日趋瘫痪,仅作为一种皇权的象征而维持。

Behind the grant and removal of Yunnan imperial inspector's military duty in the Ming Dynasty,was the complicated power relationship between imperial inspector and Mu commander(沐氏总兵).During the middle of Ming Dynasty,the court on one hand had constantly strengthened imperial inspector's military and political duty in Yunnan,but on the other hand did not grant the military duty to imperial inspector,in order to highlight Mu commander's special position. Till the period of Jiajing,many members of the Mu family took office at their young age,and the family hereditary military commanding system appeared to have a crisis,so the court officially granted imperial inspector the military duty to stabilized the frontier. Hereafter,due to Qianguo Gong( 黔国公) 's struggle for power,the grant and removal of military duty to imperial inspector repeated. However,compared to noble hereditary military commanding system,the bureaucracy had obvious superiority,and imperial inspector had gradually replaced Qianguo Gong's military duty,and Mu family hereditary commanding system continually got paralyzed,only as an symbol of imperial power to sustain.