城市居住区开发强度与微气候的关联性研究——以合肥市为例

Study on the Relationships between Development Intensity and Microclimate in Urban Residential Areas——A Case of Hefei

探讨城市居住区开发强度与微气候的关联性,对优化居住区气候环境具有重要意义。选取合肥市6种不同类型的居住区作为研究对象,于2017年5—6月测定其空气温度、湿度、风速等指标,分别探讨居住区容积率、绿地率、建筑密度与微气候的关联性。结果表明:(1)居住区的温度日变化较明显,呈现白天高、早低、晚中的单峰双谷型特征,温度峰谷值出现时间不同,但谷值都出现在上午,峰值都出现在中、下午,在其他开发强度因素相近的情况下,容积率低、绿地率高、建筑密度低的居住区温度明显低于容积率高、绿地率低、建筑密度高的居住区;(2)居住区的湿度日变化明显,湿度呈现白天低、早高、晚中的单谷双峰型特征,在其他开发强度因素相近的情况下,容积率小、绿地率大、建筑密度小的居住区湿度大;(3)居住区的风速日变化明显,总体而言,风速呈现白天大、早晚小的特征,但是风速变化复杂,在其他开发强度因素相近的情况下,容积率大、建筑密度低的居住区风速大;(4)与两楼之间硬质地面相比,处于居住区中心景观绿带地区温度较低、湿度较高、风速较大;湿度不仅与绿地率有关,还受不同植被类型的较大影响;(5)在城市空间变化上,居住区温度与距离市中心(市府广场)的距离相关性不明显,湿度与风速在空间上总体表现为由市中心向周围增大的趋势;(6)城市开发强度指标中容积率对温度和风速影响最大,容积率越大,温度越高,风速越大;(7)绿地率对湿度影响最大,绿化植被能有效提高空气湿度。

In order to improve climate environment in residential areas, this paper explores the effect of development intensity on its microclimate in urban residential area. In this paper, six types of residential areas in Hefei were selected to research the relevance between microclimate and development intensity indexes such as floor area ratio, green rate, building density by measuring their temperature, humidity and wind velocity in May and June 2017. The results showed that, （1） the temperature in selected residential areas obviously varied daily, with the ＂single peak and double valleys＂ temperature curves reaching the peak in the noon or afternoon and the vallys in the morning. At the same circumstance, this paper found that the temperature of low floor area ratio, high green rate and low building density residential areas were obvious lower than that of high floor area ratio, low green rate and high building density residential areas. （2） The humidity in selected residential areas obviously varied daily, with the ＂single valley and double peaks＂ humidity curves showing the low value in the daytime, high value in the morning and middling value in the evening. At the same circumstance, the humidity of low floor area ratio, high green rate and low building density residential areas were obvious higher than that of high floor area ratio, low green rate and high building density residential areas. （3） The weed speed in selected residential areas also obviously varied daily, with the high value in the daytime, and low value in the morning and in the evening. The weed speed of high floor area ratio and low building density residential areas was higher. （4） Comparing with the hard ground between two buildings, the landscape greenbelt in the middle of residential areas was lower in the temperature, higher in the humidity, and higher in the wind speed. In addition, the plant type of the greenbelt affected the humidity obviously. （5） The temperature was not obviously related to the distance of residential area to center of city core area （the City Hall Square）, but the humidity and the wind speed in the space generally showed the trend of increasing with the increase of distance. （6） Among the urban development intensity indexes, the volume ratio had the greatest influence on the temperature and wind speed, that is, positively correlated. （7） The green rate had the greatest influence on the humidity, that is, the more green plants, the higher humidity.